.^>\^ 






m BOVlWe 



■AND Surgery. 

WALTER LANGTRY,V.S. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



§]psif, iojpjrig]^ !fn. 

Shelf .SIlSj , „ ^ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




(yVu^^i^f^ c\^^l^^^:^7"(^^ 






e:ssentials 

OF THE 

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 



EQUINE AND BOVINE 

MEDICINE AND SURGERY. . 



A HANDBOOK 



FOR 

FARMERS, MERCHANTS, MECHANICS, STUDENTS 
AND PRACTITIONERS ; 

CONTAINING 

A Treatise on the Diseases of HorsEvS and Cattle ; Their 
Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Cure. Also the 
Latest and Most Approved Methods of 
I Delivering Colts and Calves. 



•^;VITHC 150 ILLTJSTI^.A.TIOJSrS. 



/ my 9 1889 

WALTER EANGTRY, V S., v/^^^^^i,. 



Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Canada. 



* 

Copyrighted. 
All Rights Reserved. 






6'^ 



EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFERENT FARTS OF 
THE SKELETON. 

The figure on the opposite page is drawn from the 
skeleton of the famous race horse EcUpse, and is considered 
by Professors Gramgee and Law, from whose work on veterinary 
anatomy it is copied, as anatomically perfect. 



1. Zygomatic arch. 

2. Orbital cavity. 

3. Face bones. 

4. Incisor teeth. 

5. Molar teeth. 

6. Lower Jaw. 

7. Atlas, 1st vertebra of neck. 

8. Axis, 2d vertebra of neck. 

9. Cervical vertebrae (5). 

10. Spinal processes of back. 

11. Dorsal and lumbar veretbrae. 

12. Sacrum. 

13. Coccygeal or tail bones. 

14. Scapula, or shoulder blade. 

15. Acromion process. 

16. Hollow of shoulder blade. 

17. Superior tuberosity of the hu- 

merus. 

18. Humerus, or arm bone. 

19. Olecranon, or elbow bone. 

20. Cartilages of the ribs. 

21. Ribs. 

22. Haunch, the external and ante- 

rior angle of the ilium. 

23. Os innominatum, or Haunch 

bone. 



24. Great trochanter. 

25. Small trochanter. 

26. Femur, or thigh bone. 

27. Ischium, posterior angle of the 

ilium. 

28. Radius, or fore-arm bone. 

29. Carpal, or knee bones. 

30. Trapezium. 

31. Metacarpal, or Cannon bone. 

32. Os suffraginis, or pastern bone. 

33. Sesamoid bone. 

34. Os coronae, or small pastern 

Bone. 

35. Superior tuberosity of the tibia. 

36. Stifle joint. 

37. Tibia, or leg bone. 

38. Os calcis, or point of hock. 

39. Tarsus, or Hock joint. 

40. Head of small metatarsal bone. 

41. Cannon, or metatarsal bone. 

42. Hoof, or foot bone. 
43 Fetlock joint. 

44. Patella. 

45. Fibula. 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 

OF 

EQUINE AND BOVINE 

MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 



DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. 



This is a disease peculiar to the horse, but maj be com- 
municated to man by inoculation. It seldom attacks a horse 
aiter maturity, but attacks colts from birth until they are five 




DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. 

years old. The causes are many and varied. Among them 
are want ol nutritious properties in the mother's milk; change 
from pasture to dry teed; irritation from teething; impure air; 
changes trom one climate to anothtr, etc. 

Symptoms: — The colt will appear dull and stupid; the eyes 
will begin to water and sometimes to matter; fever begins to 
rise; loss of appetite; coat begins to get rough; discharge 
from the nostrils; abscesses begin to torm under the lower jaw. 
In irregular strangles abscesses may torm anywhere on the 



8 Equine and Bovine 

body, or in the lungs or intestines, making the case very se- 
rious. 

Treatment: — The treatment is very simple. In regular 
strangles place the animal in an airy, comfortable, loose box 
stall and bed well. Blanket comfortably and feed on soft food 
— such as bran-mashes, chopped feed, mashed turnips or car- 
rots. If there is a dry cough steam the nostrils with scalded 
bran or oats, but do not smoke the colt. Poultice the throat 
with fried onions, boiled turnips or linseed meal; and when 
the abscesses soften lance them to allow the matter to escape. 
If the abscesses remain hard apply a good stimulating lini- 
ment or blister to them, and gargle the throat with the fol- 
lowing: 

• Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. 
Nitrate of Potassium, one ounce. 
Hypo-Sulphate of Soda, one ounce. Mix. 
Make into twelve powders and give one powder every six 

hours. 

EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 

This disease is very peculiar and yet not uncommon in this 
country. In 1871 it traveled trom east to west with such ra- 
pidity that there is little reason to doubt that it is produced 
through atmospheric influences. It is much more dangerous 




EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 

in some localities than in others, according to the hygienic 
measures employed. In localities that are low and malarious 
with poor stabling: the disease is much more fatal than where 
the elevation is greater and the air dryer. But no location is 



MarDiciNE AND Surgery. 9 

exempt from the disease. In the same stable a number of 
horse may be attacked, and very severely, while others remain 
perfectly healthy. Every horse in a given stable may be 
aiiected, while their neighbors in a stable across the street 
escape entirely. It is my opinion that horses poorly cared for 
and ill-ted are, not only first attacked, but the first to succumb. 
Symptoms: — The disease comes on very suddenly with 
weakness and stupor; eyes swelled and watery. The mem- 
branes of the nostrils may be of a bright pink color, but are 
more frequently of a Jdull leaden hue. There is dry cough; 
staring coat; ears and legs alternately hot and cold; patient is 
feverish; pulse accelerated — generally weak but sometimes 
hard; sometimes a watery discharge from the nostrils, after- 
wards assuming a yellowish or greenish color; appetite lost; 
when made to move will go with a swinging gait, — frequently 
crackling of the joints will be heard, when the disease assumes 
a somewhat rheumatic nature, the legs swollen, hot and very 
painful when touched. In other cases the lungs or abdominal 
viscera may be seriously involved. If the horse is tucked up 
along the abdomen, with hard pellets of faeces covered witii 




FIRST STAGE OF EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 

mucus, the bowels are attacked and your case is somewhat 
dangerous. If the patient is tucked up in the flanks, with a 
ridge extending from the flanks to the breast bone, hurried 
breathing and short painful cough, the disease has attacked 
some part ot the thoracic cavity, — either the lungs or the 
pleura, probably both — and is extremely dangerous. 

Treatment; — When first noticed place in a comfortable, 
loose box-stall, well aired but without draughts. Blanket well 
and bandage the legs. Relieve costiveness with a pint of 



10 



Equine and Bovine 



linseed or castor oil and injections of warm water. If the 
fever is high give, 

Quinine Sulph., three drams. 

Nitrate Potass., one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate Soda, one and one-half ounces. Mix. 
Make into six powders, of which give one every five or six 
hours. It the horse is very weak give, 

Liq. Ammon. Acet, eight ounces. 

Spts. Nit. ^th., lour ounces. 

Tinct. Nux Vomica, two ounces. Mix. 
Give two ounces every three or tour hours in a little water 
as a drench. Bathe the throat with a good strong liniment. 
Feed on soft nutritious diet and give plenty ot pure fresh 
water. If the joints swell bathe with Scotch Oil liniment and 
bandage. If there are any lung complications use mustard 
freely on the sides and read treatise on lung diseases. If the 
bowels are aifected give linseed jelly, slippery-elm, etc. 

SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 

Several diseases of horses, — such as affections of the kid- 




FIRST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 



Medicine and Surgery. 



11 



nejs, liver, spleen, etc., cause abdominal pain and are errone- 
ously classed under the head of colic. I shall not treat of 
them here, but confine myself to spasmodic colic proper, 
which is a disease of the intestinal canal usually confined to 
the stomach and small intestines, — an involuntary contraction 
of the muscular fibers, separate and distinct from inflammation, 
at the beginning causing intense pain in the abdominal region. 
There are many and various causes, — sucli as change of feed 
from oats to corn; too high leeding; sudden changes ot 
temperature, from hot to cold; standing in the rain; drinking 
ice-cold water; innutritions food; in fact, anything that will 
cause indigestion or irritation of the intestinal canal. 

Symptoms: — The horse will generally appear uneasy, com- 
mence pawing and attempt to lie down, sometimes f alHng upon 
his knees, then raising himself up again. As the pain in- 
creases he will paw violently, suddenly drop down, roll around 
tor a time, get up and stand apparently easy for a few minutes, 
possibly attempt to eat a few mouth-f uls. Then he is suddenly 




SECOND STAGE OP SPASMODIC COLIC. 



seized again paws violently, drops down again and rolls around, 
— possibly rolls upon his breast and remains there for a time. 
Then commences tumbling and rolling again; gets up and 
shakes himself, and possibly the cramps are over. If not, and 
the pain continues to increase in intensity and the animal is 
not relieved, inflammation of the bowels "(which is very dan- 



12 Equine and Bovine. 

gerous) may result; or tlie horse may die from pain and 
exhaustion. 

Treatment :— Place the animal in a diy well bedded stall, 

1/ 1/ 




LA.ST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 

where he is less liable to braise himself. Kub the legs and 
abdomen and give, 

Barbadoes Aloes, one ounce. 

Chloral Hydrate, one dram. 

Powdered Opium, one dram. Mix. 

If the pain increases, give, 

Spts. Kitrous JEther, one and one-halt ounces. 

Laudanum, one ounce. 

Oil of Peppermint, thirty drops. 

Spirits of Turpentine, six drachms. 

Linseed Oil, one-half pint. Mix. 

Should the pain continue repeat the latter prescription in 
fortv minutes, or give Scotch Colic Cure. If you have 
failed to give the aloes, after the pains have subsided it is good 
policy to give a good physic, — either a pint of linseed oil or 
one ounce of Barbadoes aloes and an ounce of ginger 
combined,. 



Medicine and Surgery. 
FLATULENT COLIC. 



13 



Flatulent colic is a disease separate and distinct from 
spasmodic colic. In the former there is bloating, or distension 
with gas, of the bowels; in the latter there is no bloating 




FIRST STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC. 

whatever. Flatulent coHc is generally caused by some indi- 
gestible food setting up a ferment and creating a greater 
amount of gas than can be comfortably accommodated by the 
bowels, thus causing intense pain. 

Symptoms:— The horse will hang his head and commence 
looking around at his flanks; soon he will begin pawing, then 




ADVANCED STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC. 

will lie down and roll, frequently looking at the flanks; the 



14: 



Equine and Bovine 



animal begins bloating and sometimes has eructations ot gas 
from the stomach; the bowels grow more distended; the pains 
are continuous and grow more severe; the breathing is shorter 
and the animal groans or grunts while lying down and often 
while standing; the legs and ears become cold; cold sweats 
break out over the body. The disease is usually of short 
duration and, it not speedily relieved, ends in death. 
Treatment: —When first noticed give, 

Linseed Oil, one pint. 

Spts. Turpentine, two ounces. Mix. 
II that fails to neutralize the gas give, 

Liq. Ammonia Acet., three ounces. 

Chloral Hydrate, one dram. 

Bi-Carbonate Soda, two drachms. 

Tinct. Aconite, twenty drops. 

Water, one-halt pint. 
Kepeat every thirty minutes: or give Scotch Colic 
Cure. Give injections of hot water and castile soap every 




FLATULENT COLIC — LAST STAGE. 



twenty minutes. If the bloating continues tap with a trocar 
and canala, on the right side, between the hip and ribs, where it 



Medicine and Surgery. 15 

is most resonant on percussion. Alter recovery give a pint of 
linseed oil or castor oil. 

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 

Glanders is a specific febrile disease peculiar to the horse, 
mule and ass; and, by inoculation, it can be communicated to 
man. Its causes are keeping horses in damp filthy stables; 
impure air; improper feeding; impaired nutrition; sequelae of 
''grease heels;" sequelae of epizootic influenza; also contagion, 
which is by far the most connnon. 

Symptoms: — Dullness; decreased appetite; eyes watering; 
fever, rising from 102° to 107° F. ; coat staring; at first watery 
discharge from the nostrils; discharge afterwards turns to a 
yellowish and later to a yellowish-green, and is very tenacious; 
in the nostrils reddish ulcerations appear, later becoming 




GLANDEBS. 



purplish; all over the body the lymphatic glands become 
enlarged, frequently breaking and discharging matter; the 
sub-maxillary glands enlarge and harden, later on becoming 
adherent to the jaw; breath foetid; by auscultation crepitation 
of the lungs will be discovered; the discharge from the nos- 
trils becomes very profuse and more greenish in color; fever 
now stands from 105° to 107° F. ; quite frequently the limbs 
will swell, — more particularly about the joints. 

Treatment: — The best treatment is destruction of the ani- 
mal as soon as thoroughly satisfied he has glanders. Separate 
all animals which have come in contact with him. If treat- 
ment be attempted place the animal where he can have plenty 
of fresh air and try the Sulphites, — as Sulphite of Sodium, 
Benzoate of Sodium, Arsenate of Strychnia, Carbolic Acid; 



16 Equine and Bovine 

also vegetable and mineral tonics, — as Sulphate of Iron, 
Sulphate of Copper, Gentian, Ginger, Nux Vomica, etc. 

ANEMIA. 

This is a term used to denote a deficiency of red corpuscles 
in the blood. The disease is caused by excessive bleeding, 
deteriorated lood; keeping in ill- ventilated filthy stables, 
without much light; effects of fevers; severe or protracted 
diarrhoea; leucorrhoea; it sometimes results from epizootic 
influenza. 

Symptoms: — Pallor of the mucous membranes; is tucked 
up in the flanks; cardiac palpitation; disinclination to move; 
staggering gait; paleness of eyes and eye-lids; coat more or 
less rough; later on, if ahorse, a swelling of tlie sheath, — if a 
mare swellings of a dropsical nature under the breast, slight 
at first, but gradually extending both backward and forward, 
in the horse usually extending from the sheath forward; the 
limbs beg:in swelling, sometimes reaching an enormous size; 
on scarifying the swelling there will be an oozing out of serum, 
barely colored with blood, which may be continued for days, 
— you will, also, find the flesh of a bluish color; appetite 
sometimes fair, usually for hay but not for grain; bowels 
generally constipated, but sometimes a diarrhoea will set in 
which, if not checked, will commonly prove fatal; rumbling 
of the bowels is invariably a constant symptom. 

Treatment: — If possible remove the cause as soon as can 
be; give plenty of light and fresh air. If necessary regulate 
the bowtls with a pint of castor oil. Give strengthening and 
easily digested food, — such as ground oats, beans, boiled flax 
seed, etc. Administer such remedies as will tend to build up 
the system, as. 

Sulphate of Iron, two ounces. 

.Gentian, one ounce. 

Nux Vomica, one ounce. 

Arsenic, thirty grains. Mix. 
Make flfteen powders: give one powder every flve or six 
hours; or use any of the mineral and vegetable tonics, as, 
Cascarilla, Quassia, Gentian, Sulphate of Copper, etc. Regu- 
late the kidneys with dram doses of Nitrate of Potassium. 
Bed the animal well. When the sheath is much swollen 
scarify lightly. 



Mp:dicine and Surgery, 17 

AZOTURTA. 

By some this disease has been described as a disease of the 
kidneys, by others as a disease of the spine and by others as 
a disease of the liver. But I have invariably found the whole 
system more or less affected, from an abnormal amount of 
nitrogen in tlie blood, wliich is caused by high feeding and 
want of exercise. As the animal is put to work there is a 
greater amount of waste material cast upon the excretorv 
organs* than they can well dispose of ; hence an excess of 
nitrogen is formed in the blood and is carried through the 
system, invariably settling in the myolema or coveri^igs of the 
deep muscles of the haunch, causing partial and sometimes 
complete paralysis of the hind extremities. 

Symptoms: — Invariably the horse leaves the stable in the 
best of health, and, as the driver says, "the horse was never 
feeling better." But it is probably not driven over halt a 
mile, possibly five or six miles, when he is noticed to hang 
back, to be covered with profuse perspiration, and to begin to 
be stiff in his hind legs. Other symptoms are, looking back at 
the flanks; anxious expression ot countenance; breathing short; 
nostrils distended and red; staring eyes; drooping of the hind 
legs and knuckling over at the fetlocks, as though there were 
no strength iu them; after staggering around for awhile the 
animal falls and is unable to get up, — although they sometimes 
keep upon their feet in a mild attack and, if so, are most 
likely to recover in a few days; if urine is passed it will be 
very dark, sometimes looks bloody, smells very strong and 
be very ropy. 

Treatment: — If the horse remains very uneasy give ounce 
doses of laudanum every thirty minutes until relieved; then 
remove to a comfortable place and bed well. Clean out the 
bowels well by giving, 

Barbadoes Aloes, eight to ten drams. 
Ginger, two drams. Mix. 

Give in one pint of water as a drench. While the animal 
is perspiring blanket well and keep sweating. Apply a fresh 
sheep-skin over the loins and cover well, or apply cloths wrung 
out of hot water over the loins, and be careful the animal does 
not take cold. If the kidneys do not act freely give one ounce 



18 Equine and Bovine 

Tinct. Buchu Compound every six or seven hours in a little 
syrup as a drench. And in a few days give, 

Tincture Gentian, two ounces. 

Tincture Nux Vomica, two ounces. 

Tincture Ginger, four ounces. 

Alcohol, eight ounces. Mix. 
Give two ounces every four or five hours. Bathe the back 
and loins with a good strong liniment once or twice a day, also 
rub from the stifle to the point of the hip. Turn the horse 
over from one side to the other every three or four hours, and 
occasionally sponge him off with dilute alcohol. If shod 
remove the shoes and keep lying upon the breast as much as 
possible. I belie ^^e it bad policy in such cases to swing the 
horse, unless the slings can be got under them before they go 
(3o^n^ — then it is advisable; but after they are down for a few 
hours do not attempt to swing. If the patient lies upon his 
breast well and rests easy you may look for recovery in a few 
days; if he lies straight out the inevitable result is death in a 
few days. Should the animal not urinate properly, pass the 
catheter and draw off the urine. If in twenty-four hours the 
bowels do not respond to the aloes, give a quart of raw linseed 
oil; also give injections of castile soap and hot water. 

EPISTAXIS, OK BLEEDING i'KOM THE NOSTKILS. 

This disease seldom occurs. It is usually caused by hard 
running, sneezing, coughing, or by external injuries. 

Symptoms: — If the blood is merely dropping from the nos- 
trils some small blood-vessel is ruptured. If the blood flows 
in a stream, and is of a bright scarlet color, it comes from the 
lungs, If it comes away in dark colored clots, it is, in all 
probability, coming from the stomach. 

Treatment: — Elevate the head and apply cold water to it, 
and inject weak solutions of alum water. Sulphate of Zinc, or 
largely diluted Sulphuric Acid. Plug the nostrils with a 
sponge, — but be sure and have a string tied to it to draw it 
out. You can only plug one nostril at a time. 

NASAL CATAKRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD. 

. This quite frequently arises from standing in a draught, 
from ihhalation of irritating gases, or from decayed teeth. 



Medicine and Sukgery. 19 

Symptoms: — Discharge, watery at first, from the nostrils, 
also trom the eyes; sneezing; later on a discharge of matter 
from the nostrils, — sometimes very foetid, especially when 
from a diseased tooth; sometimes ulcers will appear on the 
septum of the nose, when the discharge is of a muco-purulent 
character. 

Treatment: — Steaming the nostrils with hot water and a 
little carbolic acid is very beneficial. Twice a day use a spray 
of Listerine one-half ounce to water two ounces. If from a 
diseased tooth the tooth should be extracted and, if there 
is matter in the frontal sinuses, they should be trephined and 
washed out with, 

Listerine, four ounces. 

Sulphate of Zinc, one-half drachm. 

Water, four ounces. Mix. 

Use morning and evening. Feed on good feed with a few 
tonic powders. 

CHKONIC KOAEING. 

This is so-called from the roaring, rasping, unnatural sound 
when the horse is put to work and is caused by atrophy or 
wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx; by dis- 
temper; by epizootic influenza; by polypus in the nostrils; also 
by spasmodic constriction of the bronchial tubes from tonic 
contraction, mostly reflex of the involuntary muscular fibers; 
by fracture ot the bones of the nose,— when the fracture is 
depressed; by an extra amount ot fat; by dropsical swellings, 
etc. 

Treatment: — First, if possible, remove the cause. If 
that cannot be done treatment is useless. If caused by 
atrophy of the muscles of the larynx apply every fitth day, 
for three or four applications, a blister of 
Vaseline, one ounce. 
Bin-Iodide Mercury, one dram. 
Powdered Cantharides, one dram. Mix. 

If caused by polypus, have it removed. If from fat, 
reduce in flesh. In the majority of cases the roaring is made 
during the inspiration. The horse seemingly inhales more air 
than the lungs can dispose of; consequently he roars and 



20 Equine and Bovine 

chokes down wLen put to work. ] >j using a clasp over the 
nostrils, it holds them so he can onl}^ take in a certain amount of 
air at each inspiration; when put to work, the roaring will be 
stopped and the horse will do a reasonable amount of work. 
The clasp may be taken ofi after he has been working an hour, 
and, in the majority of cases, the animal will breathe freely. 
In order to keep horses from roaring badly, work them mod- 
erately every day. 

BRONCHITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane which 
lines the bronchial tubes; it is invariably caused by standing 
in draughts while overheated. 

Symptoms: — Systemic depression; dullness; loss of appetite; 
redness and dryness of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, 
followed by fever and a hacking, barking cough ; rattling in the 
anterior part of the chest; in a few days a light colored dis- 
charge from the nostrils; the cough now becomes deeper and 
looser; instead of being, as iit first, rapid the pulse becomes 
softer and niore natural. 

Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable and airy 
stall and blanket well. Apply mustard to the sides and breast 
and give, 

Quinine, thirty grains. 
Dover's Powders, one dram. 
Liq. Ammonia Acet., three ounces. Mix. 
Give every four or five hours; and if the cough is very 
tight give every three or four hours. 
Syrup of Ipecac, four drachms. 
Syrup of Squills, six drachms. 
Tinct. OpiiCamph., six drachms. Mix. 
Continue until the cough softens. 

SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO-PHARINGITIS. 

This disease affects the larynx and pharynx, situated at the 
upper part of the wind pipe, and consists of an inflammation 
of the soft tissues of both. 

Symptoms: — This disease is sometimes ushered in by a chill, 
immediately followed by fever; and if the attack is very severe, 



Medicine and Surgery. 21 

the nose will be elevated, to straighten the air passages. 
Swellings, sometimes very large externally, but more frequentl}" 
will be noticed behind the jaws on the neck. Sometimes they 
are so extensive that the animal can scarcely breathe or can 
only do so with the greatest difficulty; there will be a wheezing 
sound at each inspiration. During this period the heart be- 
comes excited and its pulsations rapid. The mucous membranes 
in the nostrils will be of a bluish color, owing to the lack of 
sufficient fresh air in the lungs to oxidize the blood. If the 
patient is in a box-stall it will wander around considerably and 
endeavor to keep its nose in the direction where there is most 
fresh air. If the animal attempts to eat, the food will be 
chewed and dropped out of the mouth; and, on attempting to 
drink, the water will be ejected through the nostrils. In some 
•cases the cough is very loud, but in many, — especially when 
the internal swelling is very great, the cough will be very 
slight. Frequently there is a discharge from the nostrils and 
an abundant How of ropy saliva from the mouth. 

Treatment: — Blanket well and place the patient in a 
■comfortable and airy box-stall, devoid of draughts. Bandage 
the legs and, if possible, give as a physic: 

Aloes, se^^en drachms. 

Ginger, one dram. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Then bathe the throat well with hot 
water and wrap it up with rugs or sheep-skins to keep it warm. 
Steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and give, 

Solid Ext. Belladonna, one ounce. 

Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Pulv, Glycyrrhiza, one ounce. 

Gum Camphor, one-half ounce. 

Honey, or Simple Syrup, one-half pound. Mix. 

Give a table-spoonful three times a day. If the weather 
is in any way cold or disagreeable, be very careful about 
bathing the throat with hot water, as the patient may take 
cold. So, immediately after bathing, apply Scotch Oil and the 
danger from cold will be greatly lessened. It also acts as a 
good counter-irritant, reduces the swelling, removes the effu- 
sions by promr)ting absorption, and leaves the patient less 
liable to be "thick winded," or "a roarer." The diet should 



22 Equine and Bovine 

be of soft feed, as bran mash, or chopped feed mixed with 
a little linseed meal. Sometimes it is advisable to gargle the 
mouth with some cooling lotion ; in such cases use, 

Powdered Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Powdered Nitrate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda, one ounce. Mix. 
Make into twelve powders. Three times a day mix one 
powder with half a pint of water and gargle the mouth. If 
the swelling "points," open with a lancet and allow the pus to 
escape. Dress the cavity three times a day with, 

Permanganate of Potassium, one dram. 
Water, eight ounces. Mix. 

PITEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

This consists of an inflammation of the lung substance 
caused by catching cold ; inhaling irritating substances; injuries; 
drenching through the nostrils, etc. 

Symptoms: — Tlie horse is generally taken with a chill; 
hangs his head; there is redness of the eyes and of the 
membranes of the nostrils; dryness of the mouth; a cough^ 



COMMENCEMENT OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

quite deep at first, which gradually shortens for a few days; 
pulse, at first generally full, gradually growing faster and 
weaker; rapid breathing; on the third day fever ranges from 
103° to 106° and continues until about the sixth or seventh 
day, when it gradually declines; on the third or fourth it is 
likely there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrils; 
about the seventh day, when the fever subsides, the horse will 
either get well or there will be great oppression in breathing; 



Medicine and Surgery. 23 

increased prostration; deeper cough; more copious expectora- 
tion, emitting a foetid, purulent odor; and death will result 
from the sixth to the twentieth day. 

Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable, airy, loose 
box-stall, devoid of draughts. Blanket and bandage the legs 
with flannel. Some practitioners will scoff at the idea of 
bleeding, nevertheless a plethoric, robust horse, in many 
instances, will be greatly benefited in the first three or foar 
days by being bled, while an older and debilitated patient 
would succumb. Apply mustard to the sides and give the 
following: 

Liq. Ammonia Acet., twelve ounces. 

Spts. Aeth. Nit., four ounces. 

Fluid Ext. Aconite, two drachms. Mix. 
(live two ounces every three hours in a little water as a 
drench. Also give every four or five hours, 

Quinine Sulph., twenty grains. 

Nitrate of Potassium, forty grains. Mix. 
Or, 

Powdered Ext. Belladonna, one scruple. 

Gum Camphor, two scruples. 

Nitrate of Potassium, one dram. Mix. 
Give all the water the horse will drink, — just as it comes 
from the well, and feed on soft diet. It there is great pros- 
tration give tonic stimulants, as. 

Alcohol, eight ounces. 

Tinct. Ginger, three ounces. 

Tinct. Nux Vomica, two ounces. 

Tinct. Gentian, three ounces. Mix. 
Give two ounces as occasion demands. 

PLEURISY. 

This is an inflammation of the lining membrane of tlie 
thoracic cavity. Generally after a chill or cold stage sharp 
pains begin in the sides; the animal frequently will look at his 
sides and lie -down very carefully, then rise again; the skin is 
hot; breathing short; also a short cough; 710 discharge from 



24 Equine and Bovine 

the nose; pnlse hard and rapid; abdomen tucked up, and a 
ridge extending from the hips to the breast-bone; on punching 
between the ribs, when the seat of inflammation is reached^ 
the animal will evince pain by grunting; if the animal lies 




PLEURISY. 



down it will invariably lie on tne affected side, but they more 
frequently stand up. The second day effusion of serum takes 
place; then the pulse will become slower and fuller, breathing 
will be easier and the animal seemingly is well again. And, 
if the effusion is not very great, it will soon be absorbed and 
the animal is well. But, if the effusion is great, the breathing 
becomes hurried and short; the pulse grows fast and weak; 
the ridge from the hip to the breast is more prominent; appe- 
tite almost completely gone, cold sweats break out and 
imminent danger is at liand. 

Treatment: — In the early stage bleeding is beneficial, but 
later on detrimental. If the pain is very severe give, 

Fluid Ext. Aconite, fifteen drops. 

Acetate of Morphia, ten grains. Mix. 
Eepeat in two hours. If the pains subside give the 
following, —one ounce every three or four hours: . 

Fluid Ext. Aconite, two drachms. 

Fluid Ext. Belladona, four ounces. 

Spts. Aeth. Nit., four ounces. Mix. 
Apply a large linseed meal poultice to the affected side, 
and, if recovery is beginning, give as a physic, 

Barbadoes Aloes, seven drams. 

Ginger, one dram. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 25 

But if the effusion of serum within the thoracic cavity is 
very great and the breathing hurried the chest should be 
tapped. Although the operation is simple and easily per- 
lormed, it does not always result satisfactorily, probably 
because delayed too long. The proper place to operate is 
between the eighth and ninth ribs, as close as possible to the 
ninth rib. It should be done with a trocar and canula, two- 
thirds the way down toward the bottom of the chest. After 
tapping give the following: 

L/dide of Potassium, one ounce. 
Spts. Frumenti, one pint. Mix. 

Give a wine-glassful every six hours; also give daily one 
ounce of Tinct. Perchloride of Iron. Appl}^ a good mustard 
plaster to the sides or a good cantharides liniment. 

HEAVES. 

This disease very closely resembles asthma in man, but is 
more continuous in its symptoms. One of the principal 
causes is over-feeding on clover hay, but over-feeding with 
any bulky food, causing overloading and distension of the 
stomach, will produce heaves. Diseases of the lungs are also 
said to be a cause. I believe that large horses with small 
chests are more susceptible to this disease than those with 
large chests. Therefore, from mares that breed such colts 
with small chests, developing heaves at the peri<jd between six 
and ten years of age, ttie disease truly may be said to be 
hereditar}^ 

Symptoms: — Xo fever, but short, hacking cough; sometimes 
discharge from the nose of a mattery substance; heavy, 
abdominal breathing, with a double lift of the flank at each 
inspiration; a whezitjg sound is made when the animal is put 
to work; breathing very difficult on sultry, foggy days; the 
animals usually eat dirt and filth; and, invariably, when the 
animal coughs wind will pass off from the bowels. 

Treatment: — Keep the animal out of the stable both 
winter and summer and let it run on pasture as much as 
possible. When fed dampen both hay and grain. If stabled, 
keep in a cool well aired stable. If tlie foil a wing receipt is 
followed daily jt will be of much benefit in checking the cough, 
which greatly benefits tlie animal: 



26 Equine and Bovine 

Fcenugrec, two ounces. 

Gentian, two ounces. 

Ginger, two ounces. 

Tartar Emetic, two ounces. 

Spanish Brown, two ounces. 

Sulphate of Morphia, sixty grains. 

Brown Sugar, four ounces. Mix. 
Give a tablespoonful three times a day until tlie disease is 
checked; then give a spoonful once a day or every other day. 
Always give the medicine in soft feed; or give Scotch 
Heave Specific. Always keep the b:)wels sufficiently loose. 

LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE 
LYMPflATICS. 

This is a constitutional disease and most frequently occurs 
in fleshy heavy legged horses. It is caused by heavy feeding 
and want of proper exercise. Hence it is generally seen on 
Monday morning. The heavy truck-horses are worked all 
week and highly fed, and on Sunday they receive their usual 
amount of teed. As the system is not working enough to carry 
off the waste material, the Lymphatic glands become gorged 
and inflammation is the result. 

Symptoms: — If seen at first, there will be noticed a chill, 
with fever rising immediately afterward; pulse ranging from 
forty to seventy, hard and cord-like under the fingers; the 
horse is lame, either in the fore or hind leg, most frequently 
the latter; if the lameness is in the fore leg, press upon the 
inside of the fore leg, in the brachial region, close up to the 
breast, and the horse will evince great pain; if in the hind leg, 
press in the inguinal region, close up in the groin, and from 
there to near the stifle, and the horse will be so pained that he 
will raise his leg sideways, so high that he will almost fall 
over. 

Treatment: — If the case is a mild one, exercise moderately 
and apply hot fomentations to the parts affected. A recovery 
may be expected in two days. If the case is very severe give 
immediately, or as soon as possible, 
Barbadoes Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, two drams. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 



^< 



Give in half a pint of water at one dose. Then apply 
lomentations of hot water and vinegar to the affected parts 
for twenty minutes, every two or three hours; after fomenting 
wipe dry with a flannel cloth. As soon as the physic has 
operated give, two or three times a day, the following: 

Powd. Potass. Nit, one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate Soda, one ounce. 

Resin, one ounce. Mix. 
Make into twelve powders. As soon as the horse can walk 
with any comfort, take him out and exercise moderately. 
Should there be any swelling left in the groin or brachial 
region, apply Tincture of Iodine eyery day for a week; then 
cease for a few days and then repeat. Should there be a 
tendency to "big leg" (which frequently follows this disease), 
use the Iodine freely and give the following: 

Iodide of Potassium, two ounces. 

Nux Yomica, one ounce. 

Powd. Sulph. Iron, one ounce. Mix. 

Make into fifteen powders and give one powder at each 
meal. If that should fail, use a good blister along the 
lymphatic chain. 

STOMATITia, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 

This disease has various causes, such as stings of insects; 
snake-bites; injuries from the bit; injuries from pulling ropes 
through the mouth; giving medicines not thorough^ diluted; 
decayed or irregular teeth, etc. 

Symptoms: — Swelling and redness of the mucous membrane 
lining the mouth; oiten small blisters will form in the mouth, 
allowing a discharge of serum, then look raw with ragged 
edges; sometimes several of these coalesce, forming a large 
sore; difficulty in swallowing; slavering; often a foetid saliva 
dropping from the mouth. 

Tkeatment: — If the cause is apparent, remove it; if from 
any corrosive agent wash the mouth with almond oil, sweet 
oil, or dilute glycerine. If the teeth are out of condition, 
attend to them at once. If the mouth is very sore use a paste 
made of Glycerine and prepared chalk and gum arable; apply 



28 Equine and Bovine. 

to the sores several times a dav. If the ulcers are very deep 
and not inclined to heal, mix thirty grains ot Nitrate of Silver 
with one ounce of water and touch the sores with it every 
other day. Feed on soft teed and give a saline cathartic, as 

Sulphate ot Soda, one ounce. 

Ginger, one dram. Mix. 
Give at one dose in a quart ot water. Also give dram 
doses of Nitrate of Potassium three times a day. 

LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. 

This is a red or swollen state of the upper gum and may 
be called properly dentition fever. It usually is seen in colts 
from one to five years old, and is caused principally from 
teething; but may occur at any age from indigestion. 

Treatment: — If in an old horse, give at one dose the 
following physic: 

Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one dram. Mix. 
Afterward give a vegetable tonic to improve the digestion. 
If in a colt, scarify the gams, — but do not go back of the 
second crease in the mouth. Feed corn on the ear and give. 
Nitrate of Potass., one ounce. 
Chlorate of Potass., one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda, two ounces. Mix. 
Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at each 
meal in the drinking water. If the bowels are costive, give a 
physic, — as one pint of castor or raw linseed oil. 

SLAVERING. 

This is a symptom of some injury or disease of the mouth 
or excitement of the salivary glands, — as by teething, feeding 
on musty hay, feeding white clover, irregular teeth, or by the 
administration of some irritating drug. 

Treatment: — It from teething, scarify the gums; if from 
irregular teeth take a float and dress the teeth; if from other 
causes, use some astringent wash, as, 
Borax, one ounce. 
Chlorate of Potass., one ounce. 
Water, one quart. 



Medicine and Surgery. 29 

Wash the mouth frequently. It from feeding on white 
clover, cease feeding it and use an astringent wash or paste* 
made from glycerine and sufficient prepared chalk to make a 
paste; apply three times a day; or use — 
Alum, one ounce. 
Borax, one ounce. 
Chlorate of Potass., one ounce. 
Water, one quart. Mix. 
Use frequently. Sometimes it is good policy to apply — 
Iodine, two drams. 
Yaseline, one ounce. Mix. 
Apply twice daily to the parotid glands. 

ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 

Causes: Drinking ice-cold water; standing in draughts, 
giving too powerful cathartics; feeding new oats, newcorn, or 




INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 



musty grain or hay; heavy, fatiguing work; indigestion; 
spasmodic colic, when not properly attended to. 

Symptoms: — The symptoms very much resemble spasmodic 
colic. The animal will paw and lie down, — very carefully at 
first; as the disease advances he will lie down and get up 
frequently, roll upon his back, lie for a short time in that 
position, then begin tumbling around. The pains are very 
severe, and continuous; whereas, in spasmodic colic there are 
frequent intermissions. The legs and ears get cold. The 
pulse, at first full and fast — ranging from sixty to seventy, 



30 



Equine and Bovine 



very soon becomes smaller and weaker. Cold sweats break 
out on the body; an anxious expression of countenance 
appears; glassy, staring eyes; upon applying pressure to the 




INFLAMMATION OP THE BOWELS. 



abdomen the animal will evince pain; breathing hurried; the 
animal frequently pasees pellets of dung, generally glazed 
with mucous or streaked with blood. 

Treatment: — If the patient is seen during the early stage, 
bleeding from the jugular vein, until an impression is made 
on the pulse, will often give relief. Give immediately — 

Sweet Oil, eight ounces. 

Hydro-Chlorate of Morphia, fifteen grains. Mix. 
Apply hot fomentations to the abdomen. Rub the legs 
with the following: 

Alcohol, four ounces. 

Ext. Witch-Hazel, six ounces. 

Aqua Ammonia, two ounces. Mix. 

Apply bandages and if the pain continues, give dram doses 
of powdered Opium every thirty or forty minutes until it 
ceases. Then apply the foregoing liniment to the abdomen 
and keep the patient well blanketed. Keep the bowels quiet, 
it makes no difference if they don't move for two or three days; 



Medici JSE and Sukgery. 31 

Feed on light, soft feed, as bran mash, linseed meal, etc. In 
the course of two or three days give Sulphate of Soda, eight 
ovmces, and continue giving it morning and evening until the 
bowels move. 

MUCO-ENTEEITIS. 

This is inflammation of the lining membrane of the bowels. 
It is seen quite frequently in this country, though usually 
confined to localities where there is poor drainage and the hay 
and corn-fodder become musty; also where the stabling is 
poor and the horses are exposed to the inclement weather. 
Other causes are giving brisk cathartics, drinking impure or 
stagnant water, etc. 

Symptoms: — The first symptom noticed, generally, is a 
staring coat; others are dullness, loss of appetite, and fever; 
sometimes pawing and lying down; tenderness of the abdom- 
inal region. The animal looks gaunt; abdomen is drawn up. 
Sometimes there is diarrhoea but more frequently constipation. 
Quite large balls of manure are passed, coated with mucus, — 
sometimes very stringy Kke a large bundle of worms. 

Treatment:— When first noticed give one quart of castor 
or linseed oil and change the diet immediately; give a gruel 
made from linseed meal or slippery elm tea. After the physic 
has operated give the following: 

Sulphate of Soda, one pound. 

Quinine, four drams. 

Nux Vomica, one ounce. Mix. 
Make eight doses and give morning and evening. If 
diarrhoea sets in spontaneously, let it go twenty-four hours 
unchecked, as it is frequently beneficial. If the animal is 
suffering much pain, give ounce doses of laudanum until 
relieved; then immediately cease giving opiates and give more 
castor or linseed oil to move the Dowels. 

DIAKRHCEA. 

This disease is quite frequently met with among horses. 
Causes: Giving too heavy cathartics; drinking impure water; 
eating tender green grass in the spring; indigestion; drinking 
ice-cold water; over-driving and watering while heated; expo- 
sure to cold rains; any irritant within the bowels 



32 Equine and Bovine 

Symptoms: — There may be a soft discharge from the bowels, 
which may be completely overlooked for a considerable length 
of time because the animal retains its appetite; it may terminate 
in complete recovery. But in the more severe cases a watery 
discharge comes flooding from the bowels, with loss of appetite; 
staring coat; paleness of the mucous membranes; sunken eyes; 
unsteady or staggering gait; rapid breathing; small, weak and 
rapid pulse; rumbling of the bowels, — if the ear is applied to 
the side a rumbling or churning sound is heard. 

Treatment: — If the discharge is slight, give a pint of 
castor oil, which will generally effect a cure. But in the 
more aggravated form, give a pint and a half of castor or 
linseed oil and one ounce of laudanum. Change the diet to 
good nutritious food and give every four hours two table 
spoonfuls of the following: 

Prepared Chalk, four ounces. 
Powdered Catechu, one ounce. 
Powdered Chincona, one ounce. 
Powdered Gentian, two ounces. Mix. 
Allow the horse to stand tor a few days before putting to 
work, as a second attack is worse than the first. 

DYSENTERY. 

This is an aggravated form of diarrhoea, tending t® 
inflammation of the bowels. The causes are like those of 
diarrhoea, — such as feeding musty hay; drinking impure 
water; strong purgatives; exposure to cold rains, etc. 

Symptoms: — Excessive watery discharge from the bowels; 
abdomen tucked up and very tender; staring coat; sunken 
eyes; the animal soon becomes very weak; dejected appear- 
ance, generally. 

Treatment: — Give the patient soft and easily digested 
food, as linseed meal gruel, slippery elm gruel, etc. Administer 
the following: 

Powd. Opium, one half ounce. 

Powd. Catechu, one ounce. 

Kino, one ounce. 

Prepared Chalk, four ounces. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 33 

Make six doses and every four or five hours give one in a 
little sweet milk. Rub the abdomen with a cautharides lini- 
ment or take mustard, mix with vinegar to lorm a paste, and 
apply to the abdomen. As the bowels begin to act better and 
are more regular and more nearly normal in their discharges, 
give- 
Dover's Powder, one ounce. 
Quinine, four drams. Mix. 

Make eight powders and give one powder at each meaL 
Bandage the legs and rub them with dilute alcohol; also keep 
the animal well blanketed and warm. 

PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING 
MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. 

Causes: Exposure to cold rains when heated; castration; 
any surgical operation in which the abdominal walls are 
pierced; kicks or blaws; abscess of the liver or stomach; 
rapture of the womb while foaling; abscess of the womb. 

Sy]viptoms: — Pain in the abdomen, demonstrated by the 
patient's turning and pointing to the side; on pressing the 
abdomen at or near the affected part the animal will evince 
great pain; on being made to move, it seems stiff and in 
pain; hard and rapid pulse; breathing accelerated and short; 
quite frequently the animal will bloat; constipation; in three 
or four days dropsy of the abdomen appears, when the 
severer pains will cease and the patient will breathe more 
deeply and freely. 

Treatment: — If acute peritonitis is seen at the outset, 
bleeding freely from the jugular vein will frequently stop the 
progress of disease. Then give fifteen-drop doses of Fluid 
Extract Aconite every hour until the disease is under control; 
or give- 
Powdered Opium, one oance. 
Calomel, two drachms. Mix. 

Make into twelve powders and give one every four hours. 
Apply hot cloths to the abdomen but be careful that the 
patient does not take cold. Mustard poultices applied to the 
abdomen will have the same effect. If the disease arises 
from abscesses of the stomach or liver, or from rupture of 



34: Equine and Bovine 

the womb, stimulating treatment should be tried, though the 
termination invariably is death. Apply diluted alcohol to the 
limbs and bandage thoroughly. Place the patient where no 
draughts can strike it and blanket well. Feed on soft mashes 
or linseed gruel, boiled oats or barley, in restricted quantities. 

BOTS. 

These are the larvse ot the different species of gad-fly, 
which pester horses in the summer. They fly about horses 
and deposit their eggs upon their legs and sides; and, by the 
horse's biting or Ucking itself, they are taken into the stomach 
when they fasten themselves to the mucous lining of the 
stomach or of the upper part of the small intestine (duode 
num.) There they develop into the grub or bot and subsis 




BOTS. 

1.— Female Fly. 2.— Egg. 

3.— The Bot. 4.— The Chrysalis. 
5.-Male Fly. 

upon the gastric or intestinal juices, and when once they lose 
th^r hold they seldom regain it. If but few in numbers 
they never do any harm. If existing in great numbers, they 
cause indigestion and colic; sometimes they almost stop up 
the duodenum. In such cases the horse will not thrive and 
will be troubled with indigestion; it will be weak and easily 
fatigued. 



Medicine and Surgery. 35 

Treativient:— FeediDg sliced potatoes is beneficial. Follow 
it up with a brisk cathartic- 
Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, two drachms. Mix. 
This will sometimes carry off quite a number of the bots. 
But there is no remedy yet known which will destroy the bot 
while in the stomach. In the early spring they pass away 
voluntarily and during the summer develop into the gad-fly. 

raXESTINAL WORMS. 

A great many varieties of worms infest the intestines of 
horses. A thorough description of them is quite unnecessary. 




WORMS. 

Suffice it to say they are of no benefit to the animal and the 
sooner they are expelled from the bowels the better. 

Symptoms: — Rough, staring coat; ravenous appetite; rub- 
bing the tail; loss of flesh; big or pot-belly; licking of dirt; 



SYMPTOMS OF WORMS. 



pallor of the mucous membranes; sunken eyes; sometimes 
constipation, at others diarrhcea; frequent switchins;s of the 



36 Equine and Bovine 

tail; worms protruding or smashed around the anus, leaving 
a white or mattery substance. 

Treatment: — Various remedies are recommended for 
worms, — such as tobacco, turpentine, sulphate of iron, oil of 
the Male Shield Fern, Santonine, etc. But I have not seen any- 
thing for removing them equal to the Scotch Worm Destroyer, 
if the directions are strictly followed. I have heard men say 
after giving it that the worms ''passed by the peck.'^ 
Worms infest colts from one to fonr years old more frequently 
than old horses, and they should be attended to. A great 
many colts are lost every year from worms, when a few doses 
of Scotch Worm Destroyer would have effected a permanent 
eure. 

DIABETES INSIPIDUS. 

Among the horses in this country this disease quite fre- 
quently occurs and has various causes. Among them are 
feeding on musty hay or grain ; exposure to wet and cold y 
blows on the top of the head; drinking ice-cold water while 
heated; eating too much malt from distilleries. 

Symptoms: — An excessive discharge— amounting to several 
gallons within twenty-four hours, of almost colorless urine;, 
excessive thirst; withholding water from the animal does not 
check the disease. Sometimes it comes on very slowly, at 
others it develops to an alarming extent within twenty-four 
hours; it varies in duration from a few days to months and 
even years. If it lasts for any considerable time, the animal 
will lose flesh rapidly. There will be pallor of the mucou& 
membranes; rough coat; skin drawn tight to the ribs. Death 
finally results from emaciation and prostration. 

Treatment: — Change the diet to good, clean hay and grain, 
and give — 

Sulphate of Iron, two ounces. 

Gentian, one ounce. 

Nux Yomica, one ounce. 

Iodide of Potassium, two ounces. Mix. 
Make into sixteen .powders and give one powder at each 
meal. The drinking water should be restricted in quantity 
and of good quality. Give plenty ot rest. 



Medicine and Surgery. 



37 



NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATIOIS^ OF THE KIDNEYS. 

This disease is of infrequent occurrence but may be induced 
invarious ways, -as by spraining the loins while pulling hard 
carrying too heavy a weight; being heated and then exposed 
to the cold; absorption of Cantharides when applied as a blister 
to large surfaces; by the administration of severe diuretics, etc. 

Symptoms: — The animal walks with a straddling gait and 
with back "roached;" evinces pain similar to that of colic; if 
it lies down, will do so very carefully; small and frequent 
passages of very highly-colored urine; fever usually very 
high; pulse cord-like to the touch, and very fast; breathing 




INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 



very much accelerated ; in the course of a few days swelling 
of the limbs, which disappears upon exercising. 

Treatment: — Put the animal in a good comfortable place, 
blanket warmly and apply hot cloths around the loins. Give 
a good physic — 

Sulphate of Soda, one pound. 

Water, two quarts. Mix. 
Or give three pints of raw linseed oil followed by — 

Liq. Ammonia Acet., sixteen ounces. 

Nitrous' ^ther, two ounces. 

Spts. Camphor, two ounces. Mix. 



38 Equine and Bovine 

Give four ounces every three hours to stimulate perspira- 
tion. Feed on soft diet and in a few days give Fl. Ext. 
Buchu Juniper with Acet. Potass., half ounce doses morning 
and evening. Keep the bowels loose all the time and give 
injections of warm water and Jaudanum every hour for a few 
hours. 

KETENTION OF URINE. 

This has various causes, — such as spasm of the neck of 
the bladder; calculus (or stone in the bladder) working its 
way into the urethra; paralysis of the neck of the bladder; 
over-distention of the bladder with urine. The more frequent 
cause is spasm. In spasmodic colic the neck of the bladder 
becomes constricted and is only relieved as the colic disappears.^ 

Symptoms: — See treatise on colic for symptoms of spasm. 
From other causes the animal will walk with a straddling gait; 
frequently attempt to urinate; stand stretched out and groan 
when attempting to urinate: sometimes pain is so severe as to 
cause perspiration to break out all over the body; urine is 
passed in small quantities. 

Treatment: — If from colic treat for that. If from other 
causes, as calculus (stone in the bladder), pass the catheter 
and afterwards remove the stone. If from spasm of the neck 
of the bladder or from over-distension with uriue, pass the 
hand per rectum and apply extract of Belladonna, or give hot 
water injections, or pass the catheter. 

CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATIOISr OF THE BLADDER. 

Causes: Retention and decomposition of urine; irritation 
by stone in the bladder; in the female, irritation and eversion 
caused by foaling; injudicious use of diuretics; occasionally 
heavy and repeated blistering withcantharides; or application, 
by persons of little sense, of irritants to the neck of the blad- 
der for the purpose of promoting a discharge of urine. 

Symptoms: — Frequent attempts to urinate; urine passed in 
small quantities; heavy straining; bearing down pains; lying 
down and getting up, quite frequently straining hard while 
lying; pulse not very much changed; fever ranging from 
101° to 104° F. ; if on pasture, the animal will wander around 
in a shiftless uneasy manner ; on examining the mare per 



Medicine and Surgery. 39 

rectum or vagina, there will be found a hard round tumor — 
sometimes quite large, at others small — sensitive to the touch, 
and the neck of the bladder will be very much thickened. 

Treatment: — Feed on soit sloppy gruels or bran mashes. 
If there is intense pain give dram doses of powdered Opium; 
also make a decoction of one dram of powdered Opium to one 
pint of hot water, and inject it into the bladder three or four 
times a day. Give internally one quart of raw linseed oil, if 
that does not physic in twenty-four hours, repeat the dose. If 
the bladder is distended with urine, pass the catheter and 
draw the urine off. As the patient appears better and im- 
proving, give morning and evening half ounce doses of Fluid 
Extract Buchu Juniper and Acetate of Potass. 

GONOKKHCEA. 

In the male this is inflammation of the urethra, and 
inflammation of the Yagina m the female. Its causes are 
unclean sexual intercourse; irritation by stone passing from 
bladder; injuries during copulation or from passing a rough 
unclean catheter. 

Symptoms:— While passing urine the animal evinces pain; 
in the male, frequent erections of the penis; occasionally 
swelling of the testicles; aggravation by exercise; discharge 
of a yellowish-white matter; occasionally great swelling of the 
glans penis. 

Treatment: — Frequently bathe the parts with hot water; 
give one quart of raw linseed oil; feed on soft mashes and 
good clean hay; use injections of hot water three times a day; 
or injections of — 

Sulphate of Zinc, twelve grains. 

Water, eight, ounces. Mix. 

Snlphate of Copper, e'ght grains. 
Water, eight ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Nitrate of Silver, ten grains. 
Water, eight ounces. Mix. 
Use three" times a day any of these. If the testicles 
become inflamed apply a poultice of tobacco. 



40 Equine and Bovine 

EYEKSION OF THE BLADDER. 

This occurs only in the female, and then only through 
excessive straining. Most frequently it happens when the 
patient is laboring very hard to deliver herselt of a colt, with 
a mal-presentation. If eversion takes place, a red soft fluctu- 
ating tumor will be seen, protruding between the lips of the 
vulva. 

Treatment: — If the eversion has just happened, place 
your hand upon the center of the tumor and press continuously 
and quite hard. The difficulty is to pass it through the neck 
of the bladder- Bur, if extensive inflammation has set in, be 
very careful or you will rupture the bladder, when your 
patient is done for. Bathe the parts well with a decoction of 
Opium and give — 

Laudanum, one ounce. 

Fl. Ext. Aconite, twenty drops. Mix. 
Dilute with water and give every hour until the patient stops 
straining. Whenever you see the patient begin to strain, 
place your hand on the bladder and hold it firm. 

CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. 

Symptoms: — Freqnent attempts to void the urine, occasion- 
ally passing small quantities and suddenly stopping; blood 
may be passed in small quantities; on examination per rectum 
the stone, if of any size, will be found in the bladder; when 
the stones are small they sometimes will pass with the urine, 
occasionally hard straining while passing. 

Treatment: — This should never be attempted by an 
amateur, as it is not always successful in the hands of a pro- 
fessional. The operation is called lithotomy and is performed 
by cutting into the ur^^thra in the perineal region, when the 
patient is a male. Previously pa-^s the catheter and let it 
remain as a guide. Then pass a pair of spoon forceps, gently 
dilati/ig the urethra, seize the stone and extract slowly. 
Afterwards close the wound with sutures and treat as a flesh 
wound. In the female, gradually dilate the urethra, then pass 
the forceps, seize the stone and withdraw. In some cases the 
stone is vary large: if so introduce a pair of forceps and 
crush the stone, then remove the pieces. After removing the 



Medicine and Surgery. 41 

stone inject the bladder with warm water and a decoction oi 
Opium, three times a day for a tew days. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES. 

This has various causes, among them blows; kicks from 
mares during copulation; excessive copulation; gonorrhoea; 
catching cold while having distemper. 

Symptoms: — Walks with a straddling gait; swelHng of the 
testicles, accompanied by heat and tenderness upon pressure; 
loss of appetite; disinclination to lie down; sometimes the part 
is so painful tliat the animal breaks out in profuse perspiration; 
drawing up and letting down ot the testicle within the 
scrotum, etc. 

Treatment: — Give the patient a good comfortable loose 
box-staU, well bedded to entice him to lie down. Then give a 
good physic — 

Aloes, nine drams, 
(linger, two drams. 
Water, one-half pint. Mix. 

Bathe the testicle with hot water and after each bathing 
apply Solid Ext. Belladonna and powdered Opium, equal 
parts. Place a suspensory bandage around the testicle and tie 
over the back, to take the weight from the cord. Put a boiled 
tobacco poultice in the bandage aud keep it on continuously, 
occasionally greasing with the Belladonna and Opium. It pus 
or serum can be felt fluctuating, make a free opening and 
allow it to escape. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, OR 
MAMMITIS. 

Causes: Blows on the udder; lying on cold, wet ground;, 
exposure to cold rains; neglect of milking; suddenly feeding 
rich food, causing indigestion, etc. • 

Symptoms: — Loss ot appetite; fever; hurried breathing; 
constipation; shivering spells, sometimes the whole bag is 
involved, but more frequently one-half or a quarter; the part 
of the bag affected will present a red appearance and be hard 
and painful to the toach; there will be falling off ot milk in 
that part and possibly in the whole bag; frequently streaks of 



42 Equine and Bovine 

blood will pass from the teat while milking; patient walks in a 
stiif or straddling manner and, quite frequently, will go lame. 
Treatment: — If the case is very mild bathe well with 
camphorated soap liniment or Scotch Oil and a cure will 
result. But in a more aggravated case give — 
Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces. 
Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. 
Stir in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose. 
Bathe the bag freely with Scotch Oil three times a day; or put 
one-half pound of Sulphate of Iron into one-half gallon of hot 
water and bathe the bag frequently; or poultice the bag with 
linseed meal and grease frequently with — 
Lard, or Vaseline, four ounces. 
Solid Ext. Belladonna, one ounce. Mix. 
If matter forms, open and let it escape; inject the abscess 
with two drams of Permanganate of Potass, in sixteen ounces 
of water, twice a day. Sometimes in the milder form it is 
advisable to let a hungry calf suck and burst it. If gangrene 
ensues, amputate that portion of the bag. 

SIMPLE OPTHALMIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE 

EYES. 

Causes: Feeding from a rack above the head, thus getting 
chaff, etc., into the eyes; blows from whips or sticks; exposure 
to cold; obstruction of the lachrymal duct; irritating influence 
of a badly ventilated stable. 

Symptoms: — Whatever the cause, the eyes will be red, or 
blood-shot, and watery; swelling of the eye-lids; eyes, hot and 
feverish; if not relieved a white film spreads over the eye; lids 
kept closed most of the time. 

Treatment: — If a foreign body gets into the eye, remove 
it, bathe the eye with hot water, and all will be well in a few 
days. A decoction, ot Opium may be added to the hot water. 
If from a blow or from exposure to cold, give a physic — 
Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one drachm. 
Water, one half pint. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 43 

Bathe the eye with hot water and apply Scotch Eye Lotioa 
three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable to blister the 
temples with — 

Caotharides, one drachm. 
Vaseline, one ounce. Mix. 
In removing a foreign body, apply to the eye for a few 
minutes a solution of two grains of Cocoaine to one-half ounce 
of water. Apply five drops and in two minutes repeat, when 
the object can be removed with ease. 

PERIODIC OPTHALMIA, OR MOOJST BLmDNESS. 

Causes: First and chief, want of judgment in breeding, as 
it is undoubtedly hereditary and horses or mares affected with 
it should not be used for breeding purposes: living in low, 
marshy, ill-drained localities; irritation from teething; intestinal 
worms, etc. 

Symptoms: — These are similar to those of simple opthalmia, 
but are more marked. The first symptom usually noticed is 
swelling of the eyelids in the morning, and, upon examination, 
the eye is found to be somewhat inflamed, with red streaks of 
an aggravated appearance running across the eye-ball; at the 
lower part of the eye-ball will be seen a semi-circular whitish 
or yellow spot, possibly the size of a half nickle; the inner 
corners of the eye-brows are drawn down, forming almost a 
right angle; generally the eye is retracted within the orbit and 
the haw, or memhrana nictitans^ pushed out over the eyeball. 
These symptoms may pass off to reappear in the course of a 
few weeks or possibly months, and continue to re-appear until 
the animal goes blind. 

Treatment: — The treatment of periodic opthalmia is simply 
palliative, unless the case can be removed to a dry healthy 
climate. Give a physic — 

Aloes, one ounce. 

Ginger, one drachm. 

Water, one-half pint. Mix. 
Bathe the eye with hot water and apply — 

Atropia Sulph., one grain. 

Sulphate of Zinc, two grains. 

Water, one ounce. 



44 Equine and Bovine. 

Put three drops into the eye three times a day; or, better 
still, apply Scotch Eye Lotion twice daily, and give saline 
drinks. Dispose of the horse at your earliest convenience. 

EPILEPSY, OK ''FALLING FITS." 

The exact cause of this disease is not known, but it un- 
doubtedly arises from some trouble with the bowels or brain. 
For, horses troubled with worms frequently have lits, and 
when once rid of the worms will cease having fits. Others, 
perfectly free from worms, have "falling fits" for years, owing 
to some structural change in the brain, — as tumors, abscesses, 
etc., pressing upon the nerve centres, causing a rush of blood 
to the brain. Fright will frequently cause "falling fits." A 
horse, subject to them, when frightened will invariably fall 
over in a tit. 

Symptoms: — Generally the first symptoms noticed will be 
movement of the ears backward and forward, loss of motion 
or staggering gait, head drawn backward, with twitching of 
the muscles of the neck. Then the animal will rear and fall 
over; when down, the head will be drawn backward and the 
muscles ot the body and neck will be rigid or trembling; some- 
times the animal will kick and strike violently, remain for a 
minute or perhaps several minutes, then get up and move on; 
a wild or anxious expression of the countenance will always 
be noticed; the eyes bulge out and are very red. 

Treatment: — As soon as the fit is seen coming on bleed 
from the nostrils and the animal will invariably rise and go on; 
or give by inhalation chloroform or ether, which also relieves. 
When aware that a horse has tits, attention should be directed 
to prevention as far as possible. If intestinal worms are sus- 
pected, clean the bowels out with a physic and get rid of the 
worms. In a plethoric horse, an occasional physic will benefit 
by lessening the quantity of blood and cooling him off. But 
if the patient is" of weak constitution give vegetable and 
mineral tonics, such as Gentian, Ginger, -Foenugrec, Iron, 
Coftee, Nux Vomica, or Scotch Compound. In the summer, 
during hot weather, keep a wet sponge on top of the head, 
feed on soft feed. Above all do not whip or excite the animal. 
Sometimes the Bromide of Potassium or Sodium may be given 
with benefit. 



Medicine and Surgery. 
TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 



45 



The great majority of cases ot lock-jaw arise from punctur- 
ing the foot with a rusty nail, but it may be caused by wounds 
of any description. Quite frequently it is caused by castration 
— no matter how neatly or thoroughly performed. It may 




TETANUS, OK LOCK-JAW. 

also arise from exposure to cold or wet, nicking or docking the 
tail, and from fractured bones. It will sometimes happen 
without any apparent cause, whatever, and sometimes trom 
excessive fright. 

Symptoms: — The first observable sign is a great stiffness; 
then the eyes are drawn back into the sockets and the haw, 
membrana nictitans^ will almost cover the eyes; grinding of 
the teeth follows, with stiffness of the jaws and dribbling of 
saliva from the angles of the mouth; on approaching the ani- 
mal the eyes are withdrawn into their sockets, the haws 
protrude over the eyes, and the patient manifests great fear; 
the muscles along the neck are very rigid; the tail is slightly 
elevated ; the animal will attempt to suck food or water, but 
the act ot swallowing is extremely difficult and very little food 
or water reaches the stomach ; breathing is usually accelerated 
with the nostrils widely distended; pulse, regular but hard and 
incompressible; fever, in come cases very slight, but in the 
more severe cases sometimes reaching 107° to J 08° F. If 



46 



Equine and Bovine 



compelled to move the horse goes with a stilt, straddling gait; 
while standing its legs are spread apart, acting merely as props 
tor the body. 

Treatment: — If possible tirst ascertain the cause and re- 
move it. Li trom a punctured toot, find the spot and pare it 
out to the bottom, and apply Solid Ext. Belladonna to ^ the 
wound. Put in a comtortable stall and, as soon as possible, 
place the slings under the animal to give it rest, but do so very 
quietly. Then, it you can, give a good physic,— 
Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one dram. Mix* 

Or, one pound of Sulphate of Soda. Give in drinking 
water or drench. Keep the bowels open by giving oil or 
Epsom Salts, or Sulphate of Soda in drinking water. Keep 




TETANUS OR LOCK JAW. 

the wound well-greased with Belladonna, every four to six 
hours give by placing it between the back teeth or on the 
back part ot the tongue. I have seen good results from giving 
two dram doses of Frussic Acid every five hours, or the 
tollowing: 

Bromide ot Potassium, one dram. 

Chloral Hydrate, one dram. Mix. 
Give with two ounces of Liq. Ammonia Acetatis every 
four or five hours. All remedies ot an irritating nature ap- 
plied externally, will do a great deal more harm than good. 



Medicine and Surgery. 47 

I have never seen any good results from their application, on 
the contrary, the patient invariably grew worse steadily. It 
the disease is occasioned by a wound of any kind, poultice 
well with flax-seed and apply Belladonna. One thing I wish 
impressed upon the mind of the attendant: Place the patient 
in a dark stall, put the slings under it as soon as possible, and 
(iMow no one to go near it hut yourself, — no matter how 
anxious they may be to see it. While going around the 
patient, go as quietly as possible. Do your work as quietly as 
it can possibly be done, as a little fright will sometimes place 
a convalescent in a worse condition than at first. 
PHREKITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 

Causes: Blows; other injuries to the head; fracture of 
the cranial bones; exposure to excessive heat; clots of blood 
floating from some other part of the system and lodging in the 
brain; over-exertion; results of certain fevers, indigestion, 
tumors in the brain, etc. 

Symptoms: — When the membranes covering the brain are 
affected first the animal will get very uneasy, in fact, uncon- 
trollable; it will jump and plunge about, grind its teeth, climb 
up against the walls, strike with its fore feet — in fact act as if 
it were crazy; the breathing will be accelerated; pulse, full and 
hard; occasionally sweat will break out over the body. If the 
brain substance alone is involved, the symptoms will vary 
considerably from the foregoing. The patient will act dump- 




• INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 

ish and sleepy; it will walk around the stall in a circle until it 
comes in contact with some object, then it will stand and press 
its head, possibly for hours, and may force it through; pulse 



48 Equine and Bovine 

and respiration will be slow and full; eyes will have a dull or 
glassy appearance; appetite will be moderate, — sometimes the 
patient will chew up a mouthful of hay and hold it in the 
mouth, possibly drop it out again; it will drink a moderate 
amount of water; in a few days will look very gaunt. The 
skin of the head is invariably knocked ofl by their continual 
pushing and knocking of the head. 

Treatment: — Put the patient in a comfortable, airy, loose 
box-stall. Bleed thoroughly from the jugular vein. Then 
give, to clean out the bowels, a brisk cathartic — 
Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one dram. 
Water, one half pint. Mix. 
Apply cold water or ice to the head and give — 
Bromide of Potass., one ounce. 
Nitrate of Potass., two ounces. Mix. 
Make into twelve powders and give one every six hours. 
Also give every six hours two ounces of the following : 
Liq. Ammonia Acetatis, sixteen ounces. 
Chloral Hydrate, one ounce. Mix. 
If inclined to eat give the patient soft feed and all the 
drinking water it will take. As convalescence progresses a 
few good bHsters applied to the poll will often prove beneficial. 
If caused by a fractured skull, trephine and raise the bones to 
their normal position, thus relieving the congestion. 

SPINAL MENINGITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE 
SPINAL COED. 

The causes of this disease are similar to those of inflamma- 
tion of the brain, — as external violence, disease of the bones 
of the spinal column, exposure to cold rains, spraining of the 
back by carrying a heavy person; also some specific virus in 
the blood, exposure to wet and cold when exhausted. 

Symptoms: — These are very different from infiammation of 
the brain. The animal will have muscular spasms and partial 
paralysis of the parts behind the seat of the mflammation. In 
attempting to walk the feet will be jerked up quickly and put 
down in a similar manner; patient moves with a staggering 
gait. Sometimes the pulse is rapid and the breathing greatly 



Medicine and Surgery. 49 

accelerated. Although its movements cause the animal great 
pain, it is unable to control them. In the course of a few 
hours the patient will reel and fall over. Though conscious 
ot all surroundings, it will evince great fear upon being ap- 
proached; will be unable to regain a standing posture alone. 
Most commonly high fever is present, but frequently the 
animal will sweat profusely, from intense pain. 

Treatment: — When thoroughly convinced that the spinal 
cord is congested, put the patient in a good comfortable place 
with plenty ot bedding. Administer a" physic of Aloes, to be 
followed with four ounce doses of Sulphate of Soda. Apply 
cloths wrung out of hot water to the spine. In a plethoric 
animal, before paralysis exists, bleeding will be beneficial, — 
but not after the animal falls down from paralysis. Kub the 
back thoroughly with Belladonna, or apply a Belladonna plas- 
ter. Give every two or three hours half dram doses of tinc- 
ture of Ergot of Eye. When certain that the congestion and 
inflammation have subsided, apply the actual cautery (red hot 
iron) from the withers to the rump, three lines on each side, an 
inch apart. Give grain doses of Strychnia combined with two 
ounces of alcohol and tour ounces of water, every four or five 
hours. Pay strict attention to the diet, giving soft nutritious 
food. Keep the patient very quiet. 

FACIAL PARALYSIS. 

This is caused by badly-fitting bridles, bruises, etc. 
Symptoms: — Dropping of the lip on one side; diflaculty in 
eating and drinking; partial loss of motion and sensation on 
the affected side. 

Treatment:— Give dram doses of Nux Vomica three times 
a day. Apply to the side of the face the following blister, 
every four or five days, until it has been applied four or five 
times: 

Cantharides, two drams. 
Bin-Iodide Mercury, one dram. 
Yaseline, one and one-half ounces. Mix. 

STOMACH STAGGEES, OE GEASS STAGGEES. 

This disease is seldom known in this locality, as but little 
rye is raised here for pasture. It seldom occui's except where 



50 Equine and Bovine 

there are such pastures. It is caused by eating the flower and 
the seeds of the rye, which cause indigestion and exert a toxic 
influence upon the nerve centers. 

Symptoms: — The first symptoms noticed are want of control 
of the voluntary movements, and, in a few days, loss of control 
of the hind hmbs. The animal moves with a staggering, 
weaving gait, and if turned in a short or limited space will 
almost fall over, or perhaps quite. Appetite, usually good; 
bowels constipated; pulse and respirations regular; disinclina- 
tion to lie down; will stand and rest its haunches against the 
wall or stall. If the patient falls down and muscular spasms 
begin, with involuntary jerking of the legs, loss of conscious- 
ness (signifying cerebral disturbance), rapid pulse and loud 
respirations, death will shortly occur. If these symptoms do 
not present, recovery will take place in from one to three 
weeks. 

SUN-STKOKE. 

This disease attacks all kinds of horses during the summer 
heat, but is more prevelent in large cities than in small ones 
or in the country. The principal causes are badly ventilated, 
filthy stables, poor food, causing derangement of the alimentary 
canal, and afterwards being driven in the hot sun; over-work 
and tight-fitting collars are also causes. 

Symptoms:— Sometimes the horse will begin to hang back 
and seem stupid, hang his head and want to stop. If allowed 
to stop he will prop himself with all four legs. The breathing 
is verv rapid and heavy; skin hot and dry ; the head about 
the poll very hot; nostrils widely distended; pupils of the eyes 
contracted ; eyes bulged out and very red; if compelled to 
move the animal staggers and sometimes falls; pulse very 
quick and weak. If the patient recovers it is comparatively 
useless in the summer, but will do all kinds of work in the 
winter. 

Treatment: — As soon as noticed take off the harness and 
collar and apply cold water to the head. Sometimes it is ad- 
visable to apply cold water all over the body. It the patient 
is failing give strong stimulants, as — 

Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms. 

Whiskey, one pint Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 51 

Give at one dose; or, 

Aromatic Spts. of Ammonia, one ounce. 
Water, one pint. Mix. 
Bathe and rub the limbs well with alcohol; or, better still, 
with mustard. Give injections of hot water containing a little 
Ammonia. When the pupils begin to dilate and consciousness 
returns, give a quart ot raw linseed oil. 

CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. 

Cause: Exposure to cold and rains ; being driven in the 
mud in the spring and fall; imperfectly fitting harness and 
■collar; chafing during the summer months, etc. 

Symptoms:— Redness of the skin, attended with itching; if 
between the thighs the horse will straddle when standing or 
when first driven; if under the collar, the 'horse will keep 
stretching and bobbing the head; if in other parts of the body, 
they will invariably rub themselves. 

Treatment: — Bathe the parts well with hot water and castile 
«oap, and apply three times a day — 
Sugar of Lead, one ounce. 
Soft Water, one pint. Mix. 
Or, apply twice daily, this — 
Tannic Acid, one ounce. 
Glycerine, eight ounces. 
Better stil, use Scotch Ointment. 

SCRATCHES AND GREASE HEEL. 

Cause: Continuous driving on muddy roads; too much 
washing in cold water and not being rubbed dry ; irritating 
fumes arising from the manure ; running in dirty, wet barn- 
yards; weak or deficient circulation. 

Symptoms : — It is usually noticed in horses of lymphatic 
temperment, with thick meaty legs, but may attack any horse. 
Cold or any irritation of the lymphatic or of the subaceous 
glands will cause the heels to swell and crack open; small 
scabs will form and be very painful : when first started the 
horse will lift his heels very high, owing to the pain ; there 
will be more or less fever ; appetite usually good; after being 



52 



Equine and Bovine 



driven for awhile the horse gets over his lameness. If not 
attended to the case becomes more aggravated ; tlie swelling 

mm: 




SCRATCHES. 



increases; deep cracks will break across the heels, and a yel 
lowish-white, foetid discharge will come oozing out and run 




GREASE HEEL. 

down the heels. Later on the cracks become larger and often 



Medicine and Surgery. 53 

coalesce, forming a very large sore which, when washed, looks 
red and aggravated. Then comes what is termed the "grapy" 
stage — small lumps of flesh will raise in bunches very much 
resembling a bunch of grapes. The discharge still continues 
and is very foetid and offensive. 

Treatment: — During the first stage, when the skin is 
swollen and tender, apply a hot bran poultice, and regulate the 
diet. Feed on soft feed and give at one dose — 

Aloes, one ounce. 

Ginger, two drachms. Mix. 
Quite frequently the disease will disappear. But as the dis- 
ease becomes more advanced and small cracks appear with a 
discharge, continuous poulticing with hot bran will be very 
beneficial ; also use a solution of — 

Sulphate of Zinc, one half ounce. 

Sugar of Lead, one ounce. 

Carbolic Acid, four drachms. 

Distilled Water, one pint. Mix. 
Apply three times a day. Also give the physic of aloes 
and give three times a day in soft feed, a teaspoonful of the 
following — 

JS^itrate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Hesin, one ounce. 

Bicarbonate of Soda, two ounces. 

Sulphate of Iron, one ounce. Mix. 
Scotch Compound given according to directions will answer 
the same purpose. When the "grapy" stage appears cut the 
knobs off with a hot iron or with a knife and apply dilute Mu- 
riatic Acid. But at any stage* there is no local application 
equal to Scotch Ointment, when used acording to directions. 
A great many practitioners advise cutting the hair short for 
the application of local remedies. I would not advise such a 
course, as, in my experience, the short hair invariably proved 
a source of irritation. 

MANGE. 

At the commencement this is purely a skin disease, and is 
caused by a small insect called Acaria, which burrows into the 



54 



Equine and Bovine 



skin and breeds. It forms small pustules which cause consid- 
erable itching. As the pustules break a small scab is formed, 
and so intense is the itching that the horse will rub himself 




until the hair, and frequently the skin, are rubbed off. In 
severe cases the mane and tail will fall off, leaving the horse a 
pitiable object. Mange is very contasjious — at least the Acaria 




MANGE INSECT. 

will crawl from one horse to another. It is even communicated 
to a healthy horse by its rubbing himself against a post where 
a mangy horse has been rubbing. 

Treatment: —The disease is seldom noticed until scabs are 
formed. Thev should be well oiled with sweet oil, and in 



Medicine and Sukgery. 55 

twenty-four hours washed with warm water and castile soap, 

when the following liniment should be applied- 
Linseed Oil, eight ounces. 
Sulphur, two ounces. 
Oil of Tar, four ounces. Mix. 
Apply with a brush and wash oif in twenty-four hours. If 

thought necessary apply a second or third time. Regulate the 

bowels and keep in as good spirits as possible. 

LICE. 

These are small insects of a low grade which seldom attack 
horses in good condition, but invariably appear on horses in 
poor condition. The animal will rub itself and the hair will 
look rough and staring; there will be pallor of the mucus mem- 
branes; sunken eyes; frequently an unsteady gait. An exam- 
ination will reveal the cause Quite frequently horses are. 
kept close to a chicken house and become infested with chicken 
lice; these are very small and not easily detected but are very 
troublesome. 

Treatment: — As lice seldom covers the whole body, ex- 
amine and locate the place where they are. Apply diluted 
kerosene oil t vo or three times and they will generally disap- 
pear. Or, take one pound of Stavesacre seeds and two gallons 
of soft water; boil for two hours or till reduced to one gallon. 
Allow to stand twenty-four hours ; then apply all over the 
animal. Two applications generally will suffice. Some prefer 
the use of tobacco in the same manner, but I am positive that 
the best results will be obtained from Stavesacre seed. 

ERYSIPELAS. 

Cause* Anything which has a tendency to lower the vitality 
and vitiate the blood, — such as diseases of the liver or kid- 
neys, for they are great blood purifying organs, and any affec- 
tion of those organs tends to impair the blood by leaving 
within it the effete materials intended to be eliminated by 
these organs; feeding on musty or badly cured fodder; ex- 
posure to extreme heat; wounds; burns; scalds; bites of in- 
sects or reptiles. 

Symptoms :T-Usually erysipelas begins with fever, quite fre- 
quently preceeded with a chill; the fever gradually rising; loss 



56 Equine and Bovine 

of appetite; pulse ranging from fifty to eighty beats per min- 
ute. The skin and connective tissues are the seat of the in- 
flamation, which generally attacks the hind limbs; though the 
fore limbs, head and neck may be attacked. Owing to the 
attack the swelling of the skin is sometimes very great. It it 
begins near the foot it runs very rapidly up the limb. The 
swelling is hard, but pits on pressure. In a white horse the 
redness is perceptible, but in horses of any other color the red- 
ness cannot be seen. Sometimes, though not always, the 
swelling is painful to the touch. Small vesicles appear and 
discharge a yellowish serum; they then form a small scab and 
in a few days peel off. If for the better, they leave a dry sur- 
face; if for the worse, a deep sore, and quite frequently deep 
cracks having a ragged unhealthy appearance, and disinclined 
to heal. Sometimes pus will form under the skin burrowing 
into the muscular tissues; sometimes it is very difiuse, and is 
re-absorbed by the system, when a fatal termination may be 
anticipated. When the swelling is great the hair invariably 
drops off and leaves a shining surface. 
Treatment: — Open the bowels thoroughly with — 

Aloes, one ounce. 

Calomel, one drachm. 

Ginger, one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose ; then follow up with Tinct. Muriate ot 
Iron in half ounce doses every five or six hours. If the swell- 
ing is odematous give — 

Nitrate of Potass., one ounce. 

Iodide of Potass., one ounce. 

Powd. Nux Vomica, one ounce. Mix. 
Make into ten powders and give one three times a day. If 
there is much depression, give alcoholic stimulants; but if they 
tend to irritate the skin stop using them. As a local applica- 
tion, cover the swollen part with tinct. of Iodine or the fid. ext. 
of Belladonna; but previously apply water and sal ammoniac. 
If pus has formed, make a tree incision to allow it to escape, 
and dress the wound and abscess with one ounce of Perman- 
ganate of Potass, in one pint of soft water, twice a day; also 
use the same sohition on unhealthy ragged sores; or 

Carbolic Acid, one ounce. 

Nitrate of Silver, twenty grains. 

Glycerine, ten ounces. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 57 

Apply twice daily. When sores break out and become ag- 
gravated and when abscesses form, they should be washed 
twice a day with hot water and castile soap before the dress- 
ings are applied. The diet should be first-class in every par- 
ticular but ground feed is preferable to solid grain. The 
animal should be kept in a clean, comfortable, airy place. 
When convalescence is established give Scotch Compound 
three times a day. 

BUKNS AND SCALDS. 

A great deal depends upon the extent and severity of the 
injury. Slight burns or scalds may be treated by using a 
solution of one half ounce of Carbolic Acid to one pint of 
water, applied frequently. Bat, if the burn is very deep 
cover over with linseed oil or vaseline, to exclude the air. 
After the pain has ceased open the blisters with a needle and 
allow the fluid to escape. Then press the skin down closely 
so that, if possible, it may adhere. If it does not adhere and 
an open sore results, dress it twice a day with Carbolic Acid 
five drachms in ten ounces of water; or Sulphate of Zinc on 
drachm in one ounce of vaseline. But there is nothing for 
any indolent sore equal to Scotch Ointment, if used according 
to directions. Frequent washings with castile soap and hot 
water are also beneficial. 

mFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, 
FOUNDEK. 

This disease has various causes, such as picking up a nail; 
having a nail driven too close while shoeing; driving on hai'd 
roads barefooted; drinking cold water when heated; eating too 
much grain; feeding green corn; giving a drastic cathartic; 
muco-enteritis ; or from any affection of the alimentary canal 
or of the air passages. 

Symptoms: — When first noticed the patient generally will be 
standing with its feet well under the body, the fore feet both 
pointed forward, and so stiff that it is almost impossible to 
move it, either forward or backward. The fore feet almost 
invariably are the ones attacked; the hind feet are sometimes, 
but very seldom, affected. The breathing is greatly accelerated; 
temperature varies from 303° to 106° F.; attempts to move 



58 Equine and Bovine 

the animal causes so much pain that it will groan ; if forced 
to move, it goes with a jumping staggering gait, almost falling 
down, and rests very lightly on the heels of the front leet. 
The feet will be very hot and tender, and it they are struck 
with a hammer the horse will groan and almost fall down. 
Sometimes the breathing will be so accelerated that the 
nostrils are distended to their tullest capacity. Sometimes 
(»nly one foot is attacked; in such cases the patient will keep 
the foot raised the most of the time. Sometimes, in chronic 
cases, the feet become greatly distorted; the healthy rings 
around the wall of the foot coalesce; the feet grow crooked and 
are contracted at the heels. Sometimes the wall and sole be- 
come separated; an effusion takes place between the lamina 
and pedal bone, forcing it down and pressing the sole down 
along with it— sometimes penetrating through to the ground. 

Treatment: — Some practitioners prefer hot applications to 
the feet; but my experience has forced me to conclude that 
cold applications are preferable to hot ones. Place the feet 
in a tub of cold water, putting straw in the bottom of the tub 
to ease the feet; in the heated months put ice into the water; 
and keep the paitent there for two hours at a time. Do this 
three or four times a day. When out of a tub, or if a tub can- 
not be obtained, put flaxseed poultices on the feet and keep 
pouring in cold water occasionally. Change the poultice every 
twenty-four hours. Give a physic — 

Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Also prepare and give — 
Nitrate of Potass., one ounce. 
Acetate of Potass. , one-halt ounce. Mix. 

Make into eight powders and give one three times a day. 
While the fever is high give fifteen drops of fluid ext. Aconite 
every hour or two until the fever subsides. After the patient 
recovers so it can walk around, a little exercise on soft ground 
is beneficial; but too much exercise is harmful. Sometimes, in 
the acute stage, bleeding from the toe is very beneficial. But 
if this is done let the blood run freely, though it is a practice 
to which I seldom resort. If properly attended to, a large 
majority of cases will make complete recovery. After recovery 



Medicine and Surgery. 59 

is assured, shoe carefully and keep the feet soft. If slight 
lameness remains use Scotch Oil around the coronet, and 
Scotch Hoof Ointment on the hoofs to keep them soft and 
flexible. 

CHOKING. 

Choking is most frequently found in horses that are very 
greedy eaters and consists of the lodgment of dry food (most 
frequently corn or oats) within the throat. Horses that are 
fed on roots, such as carrots, mangels or turnips, quite fre- 
quently suffer from choking. 

Symptoms: — In many cases the horse will be uneasy and 
the saliva will run from the mouth. If the obstruction be in 
or near the pharynx the nose will be elevated, the patient will 
make frequent attempts at coughing and frequently, if the 
obstruction be grain, portions of it will be ejected through the 
nostrils in a paroxysm of coughing. The breathing will be 
labored and difficult and accompanied by wheezing. If the 
obstruction be farther down the throat the patient will breathe 
more easily and the frothy saliva will be less abundant — 
sometimes entirely absent. 

I have seen horses, where the obstruction was within the 
chest, that had not eaten for a day or more, — as the owner 
said "were feeling a little off," — that had eaten more food and 
thus completely filled the whole of the oesophagus. During 
the whole time they seemed but little distressed other than 
being hungry and unable to eat. They would chew hay and 
drop it out of the mouth. Such cases usually terminate fatally. 

Treatment: — If the obstruction be in the pharynx elevate 
the nose. Put a mouth speculum in the mouth, insert the 
hand and, if possible, remove the object by pulling it up. If 
it be beyond reach and noticeable on the left side of the neck, 
an assistant will be of great service by pushing it up from the 
outside. If it cannot be got in this way give the patient a 
little oil, as Linseed Raw or Sweet Oil, or fresh lard melted; 
then try and work it down. If the obstruction be dry feed, 
as, oats, corn or hay, it probably will be softened and pass 
down. Sometimes while giving the oil, the horse will take a 
fit of coughing and eject both oil and grain by the nostrils. In 
such cases wait tor a few minutes and repeat the dose; in that 
way the grain may be gotten rid of by coughing and the plug 



60 Equine and Bovine. 

will pass on down. If no grain is coughed up or the obstruc- 
tion is down in the chest, give eight or ten ounces of melted 
lard or Sweet Oil and let it remain there for a tew hours; the 
obstruction will sometimes pass away. Should it not move 
place the speculum in the patient's mouth, -elevate the nose 
and introduce a probang, which should be oiled well before 
using. Pass it down gently, and when you come to the 
obstacle, press quite heavily and as it starts send it clear into 
the stomach. Then give a little oil and tor a few days feed on 
soft feed. 

If you find it impossible to remove the obstruction with 
the probang without seriously injuring the horse by rupturing 
the oesophagus, and the obstruction can be felt on the left side 
of the neck, take a lancet and cut lengthwise of the neck in 
to the obstruction. Then carefully stitch up the oesophagus 
(or gullet) with cat-gut, stitch up the integument (or skin) and 
feed on very soft or sloppy food for a week or two. If you 
have passed the probang and not cut the neck, bathe the 
whole left side of the neck with Scotch Oil to stimulate the 
parts. 

CEIB-BITEKS, WIND-SUCKEKS OK STUMP-SUCKERS. 

This is a habit that is formed principally when the young 
animal is cutting teeth. It is caused by the pain of cutting and 
shedding teeth. To relieve itself of the irritation the animal 
catches hold of the manger or any other object within reach. 
After a time the habit becomes fixed and when the animal 
catches hold of the object a gulping sound is heard. It is then 
sucking air into the stomach. 

Any irregularity of the teeth or decayed teeth may cause a 
horse to form the same habit. When the habit is once formed 
it is very hard to break it up. After the horse has been 
sucking wind for a considerable time it causes indigestion and 
colic. They are unsafe horses to own for they may t)loat up 
and die at any time. 

Treatment: — Various devices have been used to break the 
habit, and sometimes with success. Attend to the teeth and, 
after you get them in good condition, make a paste of red 
pepper and flour and daub it on the manger; or fasten on the 
manger a sheep-skin with the woolly side out; or fasten a 
broad strap around the neck; or fasten some sharp object where 



Medicine and Surgery. 61 

the horse is in the habit of biting. Feed Scotch Compound to 
improve the digestion. 

POLL EVIL. 

Poll Evil consists of a swelling or an abscess just behind 
the ears upon the top and sides of the neck, and the irritation 
extends down to the first two or three bones of the cervical 
vertebrae. When the disease extends downward to the bones 
and afiects the joints the animal will carry the head and neck 
stiff. 

Treatment: — It the swelling has just begun, so that it is 
quite noticeable, cut off the hair and apply the following as a 
blister: 

Yaseline, one ounce. 

Powdered Cantharides, two drachms. 
Mix, and apply every fourth day for three times in succes- 
sion. Then grease until well; or use Scotch Oil as directed 
If this should fail to scatter the enlargement it will hasten 
the formation of pus. The swelling should then be laid open 
with a knife. Make a bold incision and cut to the bottom of 
each and every sinus. Then dress the wound with — 

Listorine, four ounces. 

Iodoform, two drams. 

Glycerine, four ounces. Mix. 

Wash the sore with castile soap and hot water and apply 
the medicine twice daily. 
Or use: — 

Corrosive Sublimate, six drams, 
Water, one pint. Mix. 
Apply once a day. 

If there be any sinuses running back, put some Corrosive 
Sublimate down to the bottom of them; then use the former 
remedy. If you object to using the Corrosive Sublimate in 
the sinus, cut it down to the bottom and continue to do so as 
long as the sinuses continue to form. If you find that one 
remedy is failing try: 

Zinc Sulph., four drachms. 
Sugar of Lead, five drams. 
Water, one pint. Mix. 



62 



Equine and Bovine 



Apply twice daily, or: 

Carbolic Acid, two ounces. 

Listerine, four ounces. 

Water, ten ounces. Mix. 
Apply three times a day. 

It is good policy to wash out thoroughly with castile soap 
and hot water once a day. 

FISTULOUS WITHERS. 

This disease very much resembles Poll Evil, only it is 
located upon the shoulders, and is also very obstinate to treat. 
It usually comes from a bruise, from the saddle, from rolling, 




FISTULOUS WITHERS. 

or striking the top of the shoulders against something; for 
instance, against the top of a low stable or shed. 

Treatment: — As soon as noticed apply the same remedies 
as for Poll Evil, and make a dependent orifice to allow the pus 
to escape, treating the orifice as directed for the sinuses in 
Poll Evil. 

CASTRATION. 

There are various methods of performing this operation, 
but all tend to the same purpose, viz. : removing the testicles 
and preventing hemorrhage. 

First cast the horse and confine him closely and tightly, 
drawing the hind feet well up along the sides. Have a good 



* Medicine and Surgery. 63 

assistant to hold the head. Take hold ot the testicle (always 
taking the smaller one first; and raise it well up. Hold it 
firmly and make a bold cut about three inches long, close to 
the dividing line of the testicles. Then take hold of the 
testicle and cut oiF the white membrane at the back part of 
the testicle, but do not cat the spermatic cord or artery. Then, 
if the ecraseurs are used, apply them and smash off the cord! 
If the clamp is used, fasten it on tightly and tie with a stout 
cord. The clamps should be grooved so they will have a 
firmer hold. Then cut off the cord and testicles about a half 
inch from the clamp. Some prefer ligating, which is simply 
cutting out the testicle and tying the cord with a silk thread, 
to prevent hemorrhage. 

If the testicles are not down in the scrotum the horse is 
called a Ridgeling. 

If one testicle is down and the other is not, the one that is 
not down should be procured first. In order to get it, cast 
the horse and tie his hind feet close up along his sides. Then 
roll the patient upon his back and cut through the scrotum as 
it the testicle were there. Then oil your hand and pass it up 
through the internal abdominal ring where you will almost 
invariably find the testicle. Take hold of it firmly, draw it 
out and castrate it by any of the usual methods. 

If you do not find it between the internal and external 
abdominal rings pass the hand on up through the external 
abdominal ring and you will find it if he has one. Seize it 
draw it out and take it off by any of the usual methods. 

My preference is for the ecraseur^ an instrument invented 
by M. Chassaignac, of Paris. 

Take the opposite testicle in the same manner and the 
operation is complete. Always cut well down toward the 
sheath to allow the pus to escape freely and prevent any 
unnecessary swelling. If the clamps are used, remove them 
in twenty-four hours and turn the horse out or put him at 
moderate work and he will do much better than if standing in 
the stable. 

About the third day run your finger up around the cord 
and break off any attachment, so that it will not adhere too 
low down, and thus prevent scirrhus cord from forming. 

Be careful before operating to examine and see that the 
horse is not ruptured. If a rupture should exist, castrate by 
5 



64 Equine and Bovine 

what is called the covered method, which consists in cutting 
through the skin only, being careful not to cut through the 
tunics or coverings of the testicle. Then castrate with the 
clamps, f^lace the clamps over the covering of the testicle, 
the testicle included, and clamp tightly. Then cut off the 
coverings and testicles together and allow the clamps to stay 
on until they come ofi ot their own accord. If the bowels 
should come out return them and stitch up the internal abdom- 
inal ring with cat-gut. Then stitch up the scrotum, leaving a 
small opening for the escape of pus and the operation will be 
complete. 

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 

It is very seldom that we are called upon to perform this 
operation. But occasionally it has to be done to save the 
patient and sometimes to be rid of the unsightly appearance, 
which greatly depreciates the value of the horse. 

9tome of the causes justifying such an operation are Paralysis 
of the Penis, caused by blows from the whip or kick from a 
mare during service; cancerous growth upon the penis; or 
anything which causes the penis to hang pendulous with ina- 
bility to retract it within the sheath. 

The operation is peformed by casting the patient and 
administering anaesthetics until you have him under complete 
control. Then loosen the limbs and commence to amputate by 
making a circular incision down to the urethra (or canal for 
th^ passage of urine). Next cut the tissue off from the 
if^hra for about an inch, which you must leave. Then cut 
off the urethra. If any small arteries present themselves 
ligate them. Sprinkle powdered Persulphate of Iron upon 
the remaining part and allow the patient his freedom. Insert 
the catheter before operating and allow it to remain during the 
operation. Pass the catheter every day until the wound is 
healed. 

PHYMOSIS, OK PARAPHYMOSIS. 

Phymosis consists in the glans penis becoming enveloped 
in the prepuce, thus being hidden from view, and forming a 
soft glazy swelling. It most frequently happens from an 
injury or as the result of castration. 

Parayhymosis consists in the prepuce forming a constriction 



Medicine and Surgery. 65 

around the penis, just behind the glans. The glans penis will 
then be visible and frequently greatly swollen. It also occurs 




PARAPH YMOSIS. 



from the results of castration, and from injuries of any 
description. 

The treatment for Phymosis consists in applying hot 
fomentations and scarifying; also, catch hold of the tumor and 
evert it by forcing it back. Keep it well greased with vaseline, 
and should itseem necessary, place a bandage around the body 
and suspend the penis to relieve the weight. 

HEKNIA, OK RUPTUEE. 

Hernia is the protrusion, either of the bowels or of the 
mesentery through a natural or unnatural opening out of the 
abdominal cavity. There are several kinds of hernia, the 
most important of which I shall mention here. 

Umbilical hernia occurs when the opening of the umbilical 
cord passes into the abdomen which fails to close up and the 
aperture continues to increase in size. It is invariably seen 
in young colts, and, if it fails to close, apply a bandage and 
keep it on for some time. A cure will generally be effected; 
if not, and the colt is a year old, fasten on a pair of clamps 
and allow them to slough off. 

Inguinal or Scrotal Hernia consists in the passage of the 
bowels or mesentery down through the the abdominal ring 
into the scrotum. If in an entire horse cut by the covered 
operation (see castration). If in a gelding, either open it up, 
stitch up the abdominal ring and then clamp; or, gather up as 
much of the scrotum as is possible and clamp, first returning 



66 



Equine and Bovine 



the bowels, and allow the clamp to remain until it sloughs off. 
A cure will most generally be effected. 

Yentral Hernia consists in an abrasion of the abdominal 
walls, allowing the bowels to escape through to the skin and 




HEKNIA OF THE UTERUS OR WOMB. 

forming tumors of various dimensions. It is readily recog- 
nized by its disappearance upon pressure and almost immediate 
return on being released from pressure; by its softness and the 
gurgling sound transmitted by the bowels. If the rupture is 
small return the bowels and fasten on a clamp, allowing it to 
slough off ; or, bandage tightly when first noticed. A third 
method is to cast the animal, then return the bowels, cut 
through the skin and stitch up the abdominal walls and apply 
a broad bandage. 

Diaphragmatic Hernia is when the bowels pass through a 
rupture of the diaphragm, and press upon the lungs. If any 
quantity of the bowels pass through, the breathing will be 
difficult and a terrible gurgling, wheezing commotion will be 
heard on applying the ear to the chest. In such cases there 



Medicine and Surgery. 67 

is no remedy and the patient will very soon die. It the rup- 
ture be small and but a very small portion of the bowels 
protrude through the diaphragm, the pain may be very intense 
but that terrible sound around the lungs will be wanting and, 
if kept quiet on opiates, the bowels may return and the patient 
do well. 

In Strangulated Hernia when the bowels become entangled 
in the messentery, completely shutting oif the passage, death 
is almost inevitable. 

ANEUKISM. 

The term aneurism is used to denote the rupture or dila- 
tion of an artery, forming a fluctuating tumor, disappearing 
on pressure but immediately returning. It may be caused by 
hard work or by a hard straining pull. By pressing the fingers 
upon the tumor the pulsation may almost always be felt. 

Treatment: —If the tumor is visible and can be operated 
upon, cut down and tie the artery at either side of the tumor 
which shoutd then be dissected out. Afterwards treat as an 
ordinary wound. But if the artery be very large you had bet- 
ter let it alone. 

SEEDY TOE. 

This term is used to denote an unhealthy condition of the 
foot, wherein the wall and sole of the foot partake of a 
mealy or dry, crumbling nature, thus separating them from 
the sensitive lamina of the Os Pedis, or bone of the foot. It 
is principally caused from Laminitis but sometimes by a large 
clip being fastened to the front part of the shoe and being 
hammered down hard on the wall of the hoof. It may also 
be caused by an ill-fitting shoe being irregular upon its bear- 
ings upon the wall and sole at the toe. 

Treatment: — Cut out the diseased parts and shoe with a 
bar shoe; and pad it in the crevices to prevent dirt from getting 
in and accumulating. 

CORNS. 

At first these consist of a simple bruise of the sole of the 
foot and are usually found in the inner quarter of the fore 
foot, though they are sometimes found in the outer quarter. 



68 Equine and Bovine 

Some authors consider them to be horny tumors but such I 
could never find. However I am inclined to believe that, 
from the constant irritation, they are the cause of inflammation 
of the lateral cartilages and thus of the formation of side-bones. 
Sometimes the corns suppurate and if an exit is not made for 
the pus fo escape by it will cause a bulging of the coronet and 
will break and discharge there; or the pus will keep burrowing 
down toward the toe and thus separate the wall from the 
sensitive sole. Bad shoeing, or allowing the shoes to remain 
on too loijg are the principal causes. 

Symptoms: — Heat and lameness in the affected foot and 
invariably pointing it forward; heat and tenderness around the 
affected quarter; and a sulky stumbling gait when driven. If 
it is a suppurating corn the horse will scarcely put the foot to 
the ground and, if it does, will merely rest it on the toe. 

Treatment: — Take off the shoe and pare down the corn 
until the sole, between the bar and the wall, is compressible. 
Then place a sponge over the corn and nail on the shoe, 
retaining the sponge in position and wet two or three times a 
day; or shoe with a bar 'shoe and place the sponge in position. 
If you suspect a suppurating corn cut down and allow the matter 
to escape, then remove the dead horn as far around as the pu& 
cavity extends. Afterwards apply Compound Tinct. Benzoin 
twice a day and shoe with a bar shoe or a hinge shoe, and 
apply Scotch Hoof Ointment as directed. 

THRUSH AND CANKER. 

The principal causes of Thrush and Canker are filth from 
standing in manure and urine in the stable, from poulticing 
with cow-dung, from wading around in a filthy barn-yard, from 
grease-heel, and from bruises to the frog. 

Symptoms : — In simple thrush there is a foetid discharge 
from the cleft of the frog and, if allowed to run unchecked, it 
develops into canker. Yow then have on aggravated case to- 
deal with. In connectiDn with the foetid discharge there will 
be red, tumor-like growths springing out of the trog and they 
will sometimes bleed. If simply cut off they will grow very 
rapidly and bleed when cut, with a disinclination to heal. 
Sometimes these tumors grow till they fill up the whole 
bottom ol the foot. 



Medicine and Surgery. 69 

Treatment : — If simply a case of thrush cleanliness, with a 
tew applications of Friar's Balsam, will generally effect a curc^ 
But if the disease advances and Canker is the result you will 
have to treat in a different manner. Cut down the tumors that 
have formed to the bottom. Then pencil with Nitrate of 
silver; afterwards apply Scotch Ointment and pad with 
cotton batting or tow — or apply Tincture Muriate of Iron and 
the Scotch Ointment afterward. Should the treatment not 
succeed well ^''ou may apply Butter of Antimony twice daily 
and after each application use Scotch Ointment and pad the 
foot; or use a salve composed of : 

Zinc Sulphate, four drachms. 

Vaseline, one ounce. Mix. 
^ Apply twice daily, or : 

Sulphate of Copper, six drachms. 

Yaseliue, one ounce. Mix. 
Apply twice daily, or : 

Carbolic Acid, one ounce. 

Olive Oil, four ounces. Mix. 
Apply once daily until the canker is destroyed, then use 
Scotch Ointment until the frog and sole assume a healthy 
appearance. In the meantime keep in a dry place and put the 
blood in good condition by giving a physic, as follows : 

Aloes, one ounce. 

(ringer, one dram. Mix. 
Give at one dose; afterward use Scotch Compound, and 
you will thoroughly cleanse the wliole system. 

PKICKS FROM NAILS. 

This is of frequent occurrence from the carelessness of the 
horse-shoer or from the nails splitting while being driven; 
also from horses picking up nails while being driven or while 
running at large — more frequently from the latter than from the 
former. 

Syiviptoms : — Lameness, heat and tenderness in the foot 
affected. If a nail splits when the smith is driving it he will 
notice it at once from tlie horse flinching. If the nail be 
withdrawn and the owner not informed, the patient in a few 



70 Equine and Bovine 

days may be very lame and suppuration may take place before 
the real cause is found out; there will be heat and tenderness 
present. By tapping the loot with a hammer, you may find 
the exact place. Or, il a nail is driven close enough to press 
the sensitive laminae, the patient may not go lame for a few 
days. Then it will be very lame, frequently holding the foot 
tro"m the ground or merely resting it upon the toe. By tapping 
the foot with the hammer you will discover the spot, when you 
hit the nail that is pressing. Or, if the patient has picked up 
a nail and goes lame, by examining the foot you will find 
either the nail penetrating the foot or the place whence it was 
withdrawn. 

Treatment : — If from a split nail or one driven too close, 
draw it out and poultice the foot for a few days with ground 
flaxseed; a cure will usually be effected. But if it suppurates 
make an opening and allow the pus to escape, and treat as a 
suppurating corn (see corns]. It the patient has picked up a 
rusty nail and you have withdrawn it, cut a hole into the 
bottom of the foot where the nail entered about the size of a 
nickle. Then poultice tor a day or two and apply Friar's 
Balsam to the wound. If suppuration has taken place, 
remove all loose or dead tissues and wash out thoroughly with 
castile soap and hot water. Then dry it out and apply Friar's 
Balsam or Scotch Ointment, and protect the foot from dirt or 
filth. It is sometimes necessary to remove all of the frog and 
sometimes the sole. Be very careful if the horse has picked 
up a rusty nail, as Tetanus, or Lock-jaw frequently ensues. 

QUITTOR. 

The most frequent causes ot Quittor are horses calking 
themselves and catching cold, suppurating corns; pricks from 
nails; bruises; gravel working up through the feet; disease of 
the lateral cartileges; also quarter cracks, etc., etc. 

Symptoms : — First a tender swelling around the coronet, 
bursting after a while and discharging a whitish fluid. By 
probing you will find fistulous openings running down into the 
toot in different directions. 

Treatment :— If much inflammation exists and a "'dsible 
bulging of the coronet, lance it and apply flaxseed poultice for 
a tew days. Then into each sinus inject twice daily the 
following : 



Medicine and Surgery. 71 

Zinc Sulphate, one dram. 

Sulphate of Copper, one dram. 

Water, tour ounces. Mix. 
After you have followed this up for about a week, and the 
foot is almost healed, stop the injections and apply Scotch 
Ointment twice daily until a cure is effected. If the disease 
affects the lateral cartilages, or if side-bones are formed and 
they are affected, they may have to be removed. 

SAND CKACKS. 

Sand Cracks or Quarter Cracks most frequently comes from 
concussion ; or from driving at a high rate of speed over rough 
roads horses whose feet have weak walls, or whose feet have 
been weakened by rasping; also, from ill-fitting shoes with 




QUARTER CRACK. 

uneven bearings. The cracks invariably begin at the coronet 
and extend downward, sometimes into the quick, causing lame- 
ness and bleeding. Sometimes fungus growths will spring out 
of the crack near the coronet. 

Treatment: — If Sand Crack appear in a strong footed horse 
I would advise clinching with a nail, or clasp to hold the waH 
firmly together. But if in a weak footed horse, as it almost 
invariably is, commence at the coronet and cut the edges of 
the crack its ftill length, sathey will not rub together. Then 
cut transversely (crosswise) at the coronet about three-quarters 



72 Equine and Bovine 

ot an inch to each sids oi the crack and apply a bar shoe with 
even pressure all around. If the quarter is cracked all the 
way down to the shoe you may take the bearing oif from that 
quarter. If a fungus growth springs out cut it ofi and touch 
with Mtrate of Silver. While the crack is growing down, ap- 
ply Scotch Hoof Ointment twice daily. 

CORONITIS. 

Inflammation of the Coronet with suppuration is not infre- 
quently met with in this country, and in many instances is 
caused by frost bites. A great many horses are abused by 
being compelled to stand out-doors during the excessively cold 
weather which prevails during the winter season; and fre 
quently we see cases of Coronitis during that season. Coro- 
nitis may also be caused by standing in filthy stables or by 
bruises. But from whatever cause, this disease it of a serious 
character. 

Symptoms: — There will be noticed a peculiar shuffling or 
sliding lameness; there will be bulging of the Coronet, fever 
around the Coronet and a tendency of the tissue to break and 
slough. 

Treatment: — The treatment must be constitutional as well 
as local. Give the following physic — 
Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Also give Scotch Compound to purify 
the blood. The local treatment consists in washing the Coro- 
net thoroughly with castile soap and hot water, penciling the 
sores with Nitrate of Silver every third day and applying, 
twice daily — 

Vaseline, two ounces. 
Salycilic Acid, two drachms. 
Sulphate of Zinc, one drachm. Mix. 
Or, best of all dressing, apply Scotch Ointment twice daily. 
NAVICULAR DISEASES, OR COFFIN JOINT 
LAMENESS. 

The disease consists in inflammation and alteration of the 
structures entering into the formation of the coffin joint. It is 
generally seen in horses that are used as roadsters or on the 



Medicine and SuRGERy. 



73 



track. It may be caused by hard driving; picking up nails; 
by nails being driven into the quick near the coffin joint; by 
bad shoeing, as uneven bearings, or contraction at the heel ; 
by wearing the shoes too long and too much pressure upon tlie 




NAVICULAR BONE DISEASED. 



the soles; by gravel working into the foot; by strain of the 
flexor tendon where it passes over the joint; also by concussions, 
bruises, or by standing too long in the stable. 




NAVICULAR BONE HEALTHY. 



Symptoms: — Pointing of one or both fore feet; if one foot 
only be affected it will be held in front of the other and rest 
only upon the toe; if both are affected the animal will change 
from one foot to the other and point alternately. There will 
be an inclination to stumble when first driven, but as the 
animal is warmed up it will travel much better. The animal 
travels with a stumbling gait, the front part of the shoes being 
worn down when the heels of the shoes will be almost as good 
as new. This may go on tor some time before the lameness 
becomes a prominent symptom. Afterwards will be fever in 
heels with more or less contraction of the hoofs at the heels 
and a dryness throughout the foot, with lameness now as a 
prominent symptom. 

Treatment: — When first noticed take off the shoes and 
turn the horse out to pasture on swampy ground; or fix up a 
stall with a clay floor, softened with water, and keep the 
patient standing there through the day. During the night 
poultice the feet with flaxseed till you reduce the fever; then 



74 * Equine and Bovine 

jou may insert a frog seaton; or blister around the Coronet 
with — 

Cantharides, two drachms. 
Yaseline, one ounce. Mix. 

Or use Scotch Oil three times a day. The treatment of 
Navicular Disease is generally unsatisfactory; but, if the fore- 
going fails, Neurotomy is the final resort. This may be per- 
formed either by the high or the low operation. The high 
operation consists in cutting out a piece of the Plantor Nerve, 
just below the knee. The lower operation is cutting out a 
piece of the Plantor Nerve, at the pastern, between the fetlock 
and the foot. As the nervous communication is cut off the 
lameness ceases, although the disease continues unabated. 
Nevertheless, to say the least, it is a humane operation. 

SIDEBONES. 

This consists in solidification or ossification of the lateral 
cartileges, situated on either side of the foot just above the 
heel. It may be caused by shoeing with too high calks; by 
pricks of nails; by corns; by uneven shoeing; by cutting away 
the bars of the ' toot; by bruises to the heels or soles of the 
feet, causing a deep irritation or inflammation. 

Symptoms: — Lameness, with short, stilty gait and a want of 
elasticity in movement. On pressing upon the cartilage on 
either side of the heel you will find it hard and unyielding, 
instead of soft and pliable; and the pressure will cause pain. 
Sidebones are almost always found in the heavy breed of 
horses. Whether in heavy or light horses it is considered an 
unsoundness. 

Treatment: — The treatment consists in absolute rest, and 
shoeing with a bar shoe. If lameness continues blister with — 

Cantharides, two drachms. 

Bin. Iodide Mercury, one drachm. 

Yaseline, one and one-half ounces. Mix. 

Or, use Scotch Oil. It these fail use the firing iron and 
blister immediately. If this fail perform Neurotomy by cut- 
ting out the Plantor Nerve. 



Medicine and Surgery. 75 

CURB, OR SPRAi:^r OF THE CALCANEO CUBOID 
LIGAMENT. 

This disease is always seen at the posterior aspect of the 
hock and consists ot a sprain of the Calcaneo Cuboid Liga- 
ment. It is generally caused by horses jumping and rearing; 
by backing up violently; or by slipping. It sometimes ap- 
pears as a small very hard nodule; or it may be very large 
and soft, with heat and tenderness, and more or less lameness. 
The lameness does not depend upon the size of the curb. 




CURB, OR SPRAIN OF THE CALCANEO CUBOID LIGAMENT. 

Sometimes the curb is very large with no lameness; at other 
times it is very small with considerable lameness present. 
Sometimes it is congenital, and in such cases it is not an un- 
soundness. It is best observed by standing over it and look- 
ing straight down the hind leg from the point of the hock to 
the fetlock, when you will observe the enlargement about three 
or four inches down from the point of the hock. 

Treatment: — First and foremost — rest. Apply high-heeled 
shoes, hot fomentations and a liniment composed of, — 

Alcohol, four ounces. 
Tinct. Iodine, two ounces. 
Witch Hazel, two ounces. Mix. 



76 Equine and Bovine. 

Apply after bathing. If this fail to remove apply, — 
Tincture Myrrh et Capsicum, eight ounces. 
Bin. Iodide Mercury, two drachms. 
Iodide Potass., two drachms. Mix. 

Apply after bathing with hot water; or use Scotch Oil ac- 
cording to directions. 

CAPPED HOCK. 

This consists of a serous abscess, situated on the point of the 
hock, between the skin and the Gastrocnemius Internus, in 
areolar tissue. It is generally caused by the horse kicking the 
point of the hock against some hard substance, or by bruises 




CAPPED HOCK. 

on the point of the hock. The size varies from that of a walnut 
to that ot a good large bowl. The abscess is soft and fluctu- 
ating. It seldom causes any lameness, but in rare instances 
it does. 

Treatment: — First ot all prevent the cause, if from kicking 
in the stable which it generally is, change the patient to a stall 
where it cannot injure itself. Then apply high heeled shoes, 
and foment with hot water until the inflammation subsides. 
Then open with a lancet from below and allow the serum to 
escape. Afterwards inject Tincture of Iodine into the sack 



Medicine and Surgery. 77 

and apply a cold bandage; if thought necessary repeat in two 
or three days. If it heals up and there is no serum accumu- 
lating, but just a slight thickening ot the parts, apply — 

Rectified Spirits, four ounces. 

Tinct. Iodine, one and one-half ounces. 

Witch Hazel, two and one-half ounces. Mix. 
Foment with hot water and apply the liniment twice daily; 
or apply Scotch Oil as directed. 

THOROUGH PIN. 

This is a disease of the sheath of the Flexor Perforans 
Tendons, and is usually caused by a sprain. It sometimes 
causes considerable lameness; at other times the lameness 
will be very slight, and, possibly, none at all. This ten- 
don plays down the back part of the hock to the inside of the 




THOROUGH PIN. 



Os Calsis or point of the hock, and any sprain or irritation 
may cause an extra secretion within the sheath of the tendon 
and a bulging out on each side of the back part of the hock, 
in the hollow or gambrel space. It is usually a soft, fluctuat- 
ing tumor and if pressed on one side will cans^ a greater en- 
largement on the other side. 



78 Equine and Bovine 

Treatment: — II there is lameness give absolute rest and 
apply hot fomentations for a few days. Then blister with— 
Yaseline, one ounce. 
Cantharid,es, one drachm. 
Bin. Iodide Mercury, one-half drachm. Mix. 
Or apply — 
• Tincture Myrrh and Capsicum, eight ounces. 
Iodide of Potass., one dram. Mix. 
Use morning and evening; or use Scotch Oil according to 
directions. After the lameness has subsided leave it alone 
unless it be a valuable horse. Then, if the swelling is great 
open it and allow the fluid to escape, afterwards injecting 
Tincture of Iodine into the sack until you are satisfied the sack 
is destroyed. Then keep cold water running over the hock or 
apply a sponge on either side of the hock and keep it wet with 
cold water to keep control of the swelling; and keep this up 
until the swelhng subsides. Immediately after opening give 
physic — 

Aloes, one ounce. 
Ginger, one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Feed on soft feed and give Scotch com- 
pound three times a day. It will take about three months to 
effect a cure. If the limb swells very much and the patient 
does not He down place slings under it to give rest and relieve 
the other leg. 

TUMOES. 

Tumors belong to a class of diseases known as hypertro- 
phies or enlargements, and should not be confounded with 
inflammatory exudations. Tumors constantly grow or in- 
crease in size independent of the surrounding tissues, with 
the exception that they derive their nourishment from the 
blood ; whilst an inflammatory exudation depends on a mor- 
bid state of the parts, and increases as long as the morbid 
state continues, then decreases to a greater or less extent. 
Tumors are divided into several kinds or classes. But to 
speak of them separately is quite unnecessary in a work of this 
kind. We will treat of them in a general sense or take up 
those which are most frequently met with in veterinary prac- 



Medicine and Surgery. 79 

tice. These are Fibroid, Fatty, Cystic and Cancerous tumors. 
Any of these tumors may be seen on almost any part of the 
animal, and for the removal of them such remedies as Iodine, 
Mercury and stimulating embrocations are used with more or 
less success. The best mode of disposing: of them is to dis- 
sect them out and afterw.irds treat them as an ordinary wound. 
(See wounds.) Should a fibrous tumor make its appearance 
in the nostrils in the form of a JS'asal Polypus, it may be re- 
moved by an ecraseur, an instrument of French invention tor 
removing excrescences. 

INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. 

An incised wound is the result of a cut from, any sharp in- 
strument. It an artery or vein be cut it should be taken up 
and tied. Then wash out any dirt that may have accumulated 
and bring the edges of the wonnd together, and fasten with 
stitches. This may be done by using a curved needle and 
white linen or silk thread, or catgut sutures. The best mode 
is by the mterrupted suture; viz.: by taking stitches one-half 
to three-fourth of an inch apart, tying a knot at each stitch 
and cutting the ends about one-half inch long. Afterwards 
apply Friar's Balsam, or — 

Vaseline, one ounce. 

Carbolic Acid, one-half drachm. Mix. 
Or use Scotch Ointment two or three times a day. Should 
the stitch break out the wound will heal by granulation. 
When this occurs bathe with tepid water and castile soap, 
then apply Scotch Ointment twice daily. 

Contused wounds are those where the tissues are bruised 
or torn, and always require a careful and thorough examina- 
tion, for fear some foreign body may be lodged deeply within 
them. This, if not removed, will be a constant source of irri- 
tation and thus prevent the wound from healing. After all 
foreign bodies are removed wash out thoroughly and stitch 
the edges of the wound together as best you can. As these 
wounds always heal by granulation begin at once to use Comp. 
Tinct. of Benzoin or Scotch Ointment two or three times daily. 
Occasionally an enlargement or inflammatory exudation is 
thrown out, sometimes called "proud flesh." When this hap- 
pens touch every third day with Nitrate of Silver until it dis- 
6 



80 Equine and Bovine 

appears, then use Scotch Ointment. If any portion of the skin 
becomes detached or tails to heal up cut it off with a knife. 

PAKROT MOUTH. 

This is a peculiar condition of the mouth, where the upper 
jaw is much longer than the lower. Consequently the upper 
and lower incisors fail to meet and the upper incisors grow 
down to an enormous length. The incisors of the jaw also 
grow to such a length that they press upon the bars of the roof 




PARROT MOUTH. 

of the mouth, sometimes to such an extent as to injure the 
horse. In such cases the teeth must be filed or rasped down. 
Parrot mouth is a great inconvenience, as the animal cannot 
graze; it will, however, do well when fed in the stable. 

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH. 

Sometimes from various causes the teeth of a horse become 
very irregular. I have seen the molar teeth of a horse ser- 
rated like the teeth of a saw, so that they fitted nicely together. 
Such animals could not grind their hay, and had to be fed al- 
together on soft teed. The upper jaw is always a little wider 
than the other, just enough to fetch the molars nicely together. 
But sometimes the upper jaw is so wide that the teeth do not 



Medicine and Surgery. 81 

come together, consequently there is an irregular growth. At 
other times the surface of one tooth is harder than that of its 
iellow on the opposite jaw; the result is that one tooth grows 
long and its opposite is worn away. In such cases the project- 
ing tooth should be cut off. I remember seeing a horse six 
years old, belonging to a Mr. Butler, near Spencerville, In- 
diana, almost dead from starvation, though it had plenty of 
hay and grain in the manger. The cause was irregular teeth. 
The horse was so poor that it could not stand, and so weak 
that it could not raise its head, arid was it fact, dying when I 
put it out of its misery. Had I seen the horse "before it be- 
came so weak as to be unable to stand an operation on its 
teeth or to eat afterwards, it might have been saved. Horses 
also suffer from ulceration of the teeth. 

CARIES OF THE TEETH. 

Carries of the teeth is genernlly caused by blows; by biting 
iiard substances, such as nails; or from food becoming lodged 
oetween the teeth, or between the cheeks and teeth; by an ex- 
cessive flow from the mouth of a saliva, very ropy in consis- 
tency; by intense pain, exhibited when the tooth is struck by 
an instrument; by redness and swelling of the gums; by drop- 
ping of half-chewed food from the mouth; by\he presence of 
whole grain in the manure. Other symptoms are unthrifty 
uppearance of the animal; rough starring coat; weakness and 
emaciation, with profuse sweating on very little exercise; 
swelling of the jaw. If in the upper molar there frequently 
will be a foetid discharge from the nostril on the affected side. 
It in^ the lower molar, there may be, in connection with the 
swelling, a fistula of the lower jaw. 

Treatment: — The best mode of treatment is to trepine the 
jaw, just above the fangs of the tooth, and punch the latter 
out. The punch should be not less than a quarter of an inch 
in diameter. Place the punch on the fangs of the tooth and 
hit it a few taps with a hammer, when the tooth will drop out; 
or you may take a pair of forceps and extract the tooth; this is 
generally a difficult operation, as they are not only hard to ex- 
tract, but frequently break off. The after treatment consists 
ill feeding soft food for a few days and washing out the cavity 
with a thirty per cent, solution of carbolic acid twice a day. 



g2 Equine and Bovine 

PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. 

Paralysis ot the lips is seen in all classes of horses and is 
the result ol an irritation and inflammation of the seventh pair 
of nerves, called the Portio Dura. It is very seldom, indeed, 
that the nerves on both sides of the face are affected. The 
disease is generally confined to one side. During the time 
the inflammatory action (neuritis) is in progress the nerve 
loses its functional ability and the exudation from the inflam- 
matory action, pressing upon the nerve, prevents it from re- 
gaining that ability and thus the paralysis continues. Exam- 
ination along the course of the nerve will frequently reveal a 
small, hard nodule, or the inflammatory exudation which is 
the seat of the trouble. The causes of this disease may be 
found in badly fitting or heavy halters and bridles; blows, 
kicks, etc. The Hp will hang pendulous and flabby, with in- 
ability to raise it to its proper place. The animal will drop 
food from the mouth and have great difficulty in getting 
enough to eat, as it has to gather it with its teeth instead ot 
with its lips. When drinking it pushes its head deep into the 
bucket to drink. 

Treatment:— The treatment consists of removing from the 
nerves all pressure in the form of halters and bridles, and 
place the horse in a loose box stall. Feed on soft feed and ap- 
ply hot fomentations to the side of the cheek. Immediately 
afterward apply Scotch Oil. Continue this morning and even- 
ing for about two weeks. Then, if no progress be noticeable, 
apply— 

Yaseline, one ounce. 

Cantharides, one-half drachm. 

Bin Iodide Mercury, one drachm. Mix. 
Use thoroughly every fourth day for three applications. 
Afterwards grease with hog's lard every day until well. 
Should this fail, apply the actual cautery, or insert seatons; or 
you may try acupunctu ration. 

WOLF, OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. 

Supernumerary teeth, more frequently called * 'wolf teeth, " 
are frequently seen just in front of the molars in either the 
upper or lower jaw. They are small, conical shaped teeth 



Medicine and Surgery. 83 

and of little or no importance, whatever, except where they 
grow to a sufficient length to disturb the horse while eating. 
Many persons labor under the mistaken idea that "wolf teeth" 
causes blindness in horses. This can hardly be the case. But 
horses having hereditary opthalmia, or which are otherwise 
prone to weakness of the eyes, may be greatly disturbed dur- 
ing dentition fever; and after such fever is abated all symp- 
toms of opthalmia disappear; and the credit is erroneously 
given to the extraction of the "wolf teeth." But when called 
upon to extract them do so for the price and for the owner's 
consolation — but riot for any great benefit to the animal. 

NASAL GLEET, OK OZCENA. 

Nasal Gleet consists of a suppurative inflammation of the 
lining membrane (Schneiderian membrane) of the nostrils and 
of the sinuses in the bones of the front part of the face. It is 
sometimes confined to the nostrils alone, but more frequently 
the sinuses are also affected. The principal cause is a catarrhal 
inflammation of the membrane, but it may also arise from ul- 
cerated teeth. It may also be caused by injuries to the face; 
enlargement of the fangs of the teeth; abscesses forming in 
the sinuses; disease ol the facial bones; or the lodging of for- 
eign bodies in the nostrils. 

Symptoms: — A constant discharge from the nostrils or more 
frequently from one nostril, as one side of the head alone 
is more frequently affected. This discharge is of a bluish 
white color and tenacious, very rnuch resembling the dis- 
cliarge of glanders. But the glanderous ulcerations are ab- 
sent, although abrasions or excoriations of the membrane are 
present, owing to the irritating influence of the discharge. 
The sub-maxillary glands may be enlarged and if adherent to 
the jaw, should be looked upon with suspicion. Heat over 
the sinuses will generally be observed and sometimes a bulg- 
ing out in their locality. Percussion on the side affected will 
produce a dull sound compared to that given by its fellow on 
the opposite side. This discharge is sometimes very offensive 
and when that is the case the teeth should be examined 
thoroughly, asr it is indicative of disease of the fangs. 

Treatment: — When the lining membrane of the nostril 



84 Equine and Bovine ^ 

alone is ailected throw a spray up the nostrils, of a five per 
cent, solution of Listorine, and administer internally of — 

Sulphate of Copper, one ounce. 

Nux Yotnica, one ounce. 

Iodide of Potass., one ounce. Mix. 
Make into twelve powders and give one morning and even- 
ing. This will often effect a cure. But it' the sinuses are 
affected and pus is contained therein, trephine the sinuses 
and evacuate all the pus. Then wash out thoroughly with 
a five per cent, solution of Listorine twice daily. Also 
throw up the nostril a spray of the same solution. If there i& 
any diseased bone, or it there are any foreign bodies they 
must be removed. From one horse on which I operated, be- 
longing to Edward Hoppel, near Eel Kiver, Allen Co., Ind., 
I removed a stick two inches long and half an inch thick, that 
was lodged within the sinus. After its removal with the above 
treatment a complete cure was effected. If the bones are- 
affected, syringe the cavity with— 

Hydro-Chloric acid, one drachm. 

Distilled water, ten ounces. 
Use every day for a week, and give any of the vegetable 
or mineral tonics; or Scotch Compound will give as good re- 
sults, as it is a most excellent tonic. 

BONE SPAVIN. 

Bone Spavin consists in an irritation sufiicient to cause- 
inflammatioQ of the bon.es of the hock joint. When the 
inflammation exists between the bones, producing lameness, 
but without any osseous deposit thrown out to form an enlarge- 
ment, it is called Occult Spavin. But when there is an 
exudation of a bony deposit thrown out, causing an enlarge- 
ment on either the inner or outer aspect of the hock [and 
inducing lameness, it is called a Bone Spavin. This may occur 
from various causes, but in the majority of cases it is the 
result of a wrench or sprain. Still I am inclined to believe in 
the hereditary tendency to spavin. Whether it be in the 
peculiar conformation of the hock which is marked and 
transmitted by certain sires, or if it be an ossific diathesis in 
the blood, I am unable to tell. But I have seen a colt not to 



Medicine and Surgery. 85 

exceed three moDths old with well-defined ringbones and 
spavins causing lameness, without any apparent reason 
therefor. And I could not attribute it to overgrowth, with 
the consequent extra amount of weight to carry, for, in the 
majority of cases coming under my observation, it happened 
in small breeds of horses and the colts were only in moderately 
good keeping condition. Sometimes a small bony enlargement 
is situated at the internal aspect of the hock. It is called Jack 
Spavin and seldom does very much harm, merely serving as 
an eye-sore. A horse with Jack Spavin should not be 




considered unsound, as lameness very seldom results 
therefrom. The symptoms of spavin are lameness of a 
peculiar character. The animal, when first driven after 
rest, will walk on the toe of the affected limb, with 
the fetlock bent forward and with a hopping movement 
of the hind parts. After driving a short distance it improves 
very much in its gait; the lameness diminishes and sometimes 
after the animal is driven some distance, the lameness 
disappears altogether. In other cases, after driving, the 
lameness will diminish but still be quite perceptible. If in the 
stable the animal is made to turn round in the stall it does so 
with a stumbling hopping movement. On very forcibly flexing 
the leg at the hock, then dropping the foot and starting the 



S6 Equine and Bovine 

liorse on a trot, it will often go off on three legs. By sitting 
iti front of the horse and looking between the front legs toward 
tlie hock you will perceive the enlargement, if there be any. 
By holding the hand over the antero-internal part ot the hock, 
} ou will invariably detect fever. 




BONE SPAVIN. 

Treatment : — Various methods of treatment are used for 
spavin, but one very essential thing, and one upon which all 
must agree, is that the animal must have absolute quiet and 
rest. If the spavin be just started mild counter irritation will 
oflen effect a cure, and by applying Scotch Oil you will 
accomplish the object, in from one to three months. If the 
lameness does not cease in that time apply 

Vaseline, one ounce. 

Bin Iodide Mercury, one dram. 

Powdered Cantharides, one dram. Mix. 

Apply thoroughly; wash off in twenty-four hours and 
grease with fresh lard or oil every day for five days. Then 
apply the foregoing prescription again, wash off as before and 
continue this treatment for three applications. Give the horse 
complete rest and tie it while the medicine is on so it cannot 



Medicine and Surgery. 



87 



bite or rub the place. In the course of five weeks, if this 
fails, apply the actual cautery (firing irons) and immediately 
afterward apply the before mentioned salve as directed. If it 




SPAVIN BONE FIRED. 

be an occult spavin or if the true hock joint, that is the large 
Cuneiform and Astragalus bones are affected a failure to cure 
is almost certain and the animal remains lame as long as it 
lives. The sole object in the treatment of bone spavin is to 
prevent the horse fr<»m going lame and this is accomplished 
only when the iufiammation exists between the Cuneiform and 
Metatarsal bones, and you establish complete union between 
those bones, thus preventing the irritation from their gliding 
motion. 

BOG SPAVm. 

This sometimes consists of an inflammation of the hock 
joint, but not always. I have seen bog spavin gradually 
developing upon horses without the existence ot any perceptible 
inflammation. This kind is generally found in horses which 
have weak or very upright hocks. It consists of a fluctuating 
swelling, situated at the antero internal and upper part ot the 
hock, and composed of synovia or joint oil. It is nature's 
remedy to prevent disease by having an abundance ot oil to 



88 Equine and Bovine 

lubricate the joint during work or violent exercise. This 
should be considered merely a blemish and not a disease. But 
when it is caused by over-work, sprains or wounds it is 
considered to be more serious. It is then accompanied by 




BOG SPAVIN. 



heat and lameness, varying in their inttjnsity. When bog 
spavin occurs from these causes orlrom rheumatic trouble 
absolute rest should be given, and the part fomented with hot 
water three times a day tor a few days. Then apply Scotch 
Oil according to directions, or the tollowing blisti'r : 

Vaseline, one ounce. 

Bin Iodide of Mercury, one dram. 

Powdered Cantharides, one dram. Mix. 
After the lameness ceases stop treatment and allow nature 
to take its course. Sometimes bog spavin causes thorough-pin 
and when this is the ca^'e treat as lor bog spavin alone. 

STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS AND DISLOCATION OF 
THE PATELLA. 

Stifle-joint lameness is usually detected by the manner in 
which the horse brings the foot forward, which is done 
with difficulty, the leg swinging outward with a circular motion 



Medicine and Surgery. 89 

and dragging the toe (although they do not always drag the 
toe.) The foot is sometimes raised clear off the ground but 
with the circular motion and placed flat on the ground. Whilst 
the animal is at rest the leg is usually in a semi-flexed position. 
Heat around the stifle joint is quite a prominent symptom but 
is sometimes wanting. Sometimes quite a prominent symptom 
is a fluctuating swelling or dropsy ot the joint. If you have 
dislocation of the Patella, or what is more commonly called 




STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS. 

" stifled joint," you wifl observe that while the horse is 
standing in the stall it may stand squarely upon both feet; 
but, if you force it to walk the stifled leg will fly backward 
and the animal is powerless to bring it forward. It you 
examine the joint you will find the Patella on the outer side of 
the leg and the groove in the femur may be felt quite plainly. 
Treatment : — W hen lameness is present in the stifle-joint, 
without dislocation, give absolute rest and apply hot 
fomentations of water three or four times a day, to allay the 
inflammation. Then apply Scotch Oil three or tour times 
daily until you blister thoroughly. Then allow to rest for 
three or four days and repeat several times in this manner. If 
the patella is dislocated fasten a rope or strap around the 
fetlock, then pass it through the collar and draw the leg 
forward; no matter if the patient struggles hard, force it 
forward. Then place your hand behind the bone, which will 
be felt at the outside of the leg, and force it forward, when 
you will feel it drop into place and the patient will have full 
control of the leg. Apply Scotch Oil three or four times a day 
for two or three days, allow the patient to rest for a week and 
all will be well. If the patient kicks it out or it drops out of 



90 Equine and Bovine 

its own accord immediately after you Lave placed it in position, 
you must apply Scotch Oil until it blisters thoroughly and the 
swelling will force it into position and strengthen the ligaments 
that have been relaxed. Then allow a longer rest than would 
ordinarily be required. If you cannot get Scotch Oil apply 
the following : 

Vaseline, one ounce. 

Powdered Cantharides, two drams. Mix. 
Wash off in twenty-four hours and grease every day for 
three days; then apply again and grease every day until well, 

KINGBONE. 

Ringbone very much resembles spavin, except in location. 
Ringbone consists of an osseous deposit upon the upper and 
lower pastern-bones. When the deposit is around the middle 
of the large pastern and not involving the joint it is called an 
osselet or false ringbone and is seldom the cause of lameness; 




RINGBONE. 



it should not be looked upon as an unsoundness, as it calls tor 
no treatment whatever. True ringbone acts very differently 
from the false and occasions more or less lameness. It may 
affect two very important articulations, viz., the articulation 
between the large and small pastern or between the small 



Medicine and Surgery. 



91 



pastern and the coffin-bone. The former articulation is the 
one most frequently affected and where complete union is most 
easily obtained; here less stiffness will be the result if a cure 
results than where the lower joint is diseased. But in either 
location the disease is difficult to treat with any satisfaction 
and it is sometimes incurable, the lameness continuing through 
life. Sometimes the deposit completely encircles the joint; at 
others is on one side, and directly in front of the joint. The 
degree of lameness does not depend upon the size of the 
enlargement but more upon its location. If it is situated 
immediately in front of the pastern, the lameness will be 




BINGBONE. 

greater than when situated on either side. The lameness is 
greatest when the deposit is between the lower pastern and 
the coffin-bone. When between these two bones it frequently 
causes a bulging of the foot and not seldom causes the foot to 
turn inward, forming what is known as reel-foot. The lameness 
of ringbone always precedes the deposit and is caused by 
inflammation existing in the bone or in the synovial membrane 
surrounding it. .Ringbone is occasioned by sprain; by fractured 
bone; and by the hereditary tendency referred to in the treatise 
on spavin. 

TREATMEirr : — When first noticed there will , be no 



92 Equine and Bovine. 

enlargement but considerable lameness and tever. Then 
apply cold water freely to allay the inflammation and after 
bathing apply the following : 

Spirits Chloroform, two ounces. 

Laudanum, two ounces. 

Witch Hazel, four ounces. 

Tincture Aconite, one half ounce. Mix. 
If the lameness continues after ten days' treatment appl}^ 
Scotch Oil freely for two months; or use the actual cautery 
and immediately afterwards apply, 

Vaseline, one ounce. 

Corrosive Sublimate, two scruples. 

Powdered Cantharides, one and one-half drams. Mix. 
Make three applications with intermissions of four or five 
days between each two applications. (:iive absolute rest and 
if the patient is inclined to walk upon the toe use high calks 
upon the heel of the shoe. But if inclined to walk upon its 
heels use a thin.heeled bar shoe. If all these fail Neurotomy 
may be performed with varying success. 

SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND 
SESAMOIDITES. 

It is possible to have sprain of the fetlock joint or of its 
lateral ligaments without injury to the sesamoid bursa; but 
such cases, I think are very rare. Owing to the particular 
manner in which the sesamoid bones are placed behind the 
joint, over which the flexor perforans tendons play, I am 
constrained to believe that any exertion sufficient to cause 
sprain of the fetlock joint will, at the same time produce 
inflammation of the sesamoid bursa. A sprain of this joint 
will be detected on observing inability to flex the joint; fever; 
swelling; pointing of the foot; and excruciating pain when 
the joint is forcibly flexed. Sometimes the sesamoid bursa 
will be greatly swollen, but not as a rule; what swelling is 
tliere will be very hard and unyielding. 

Treatment : — Apply cold water frequently and bandage, 
after which apply counter-irritants, as Scotch Oil or a blister 
composed of, 



Medicine and Surgery. 93 

Vaseline, one ounce. 

Bin Iodide Mercury, two drachms. Mix. 
If you do not consider it a very bad sprain apply after 
each bath the following : — 

Tincture Iodine, two ounces. 
Witch Hazel, two ounces. 
Alcohol, tour ounces. Mix. 
Then bandage and give perfect rest. 

SPKAIN OF THE SUSFENSOKY LIGAMENT. 

This is a very large ligament composed of white fibrous 
tissue, and extends from the knee in the fore leg and from the 
hock in the hind leg down the back part of the cannon bones. 
Just above the fetlock it divides and becomes attached to the 
sesamoid bones, below which it re-unites and joins the flexors 
of the foot. Sprains of this ligament happen only through 
severe exertions, and sometimes the strain is sufficient to 
cause rupture of the ligament. This generally happens near 
the dividing point, just above the fetlock. The most prominent 
symptoms are lameness; heat; and swelling beneath the flexor 
tendons and down behind the cannon-bones; with swelling ot 
the leg at the fetlock joint. If the ligament is ruptured the 
fetlock will spring down close to the ground and the toe will be 
turned upward. The rupture may occur higher up, or at the 
attachment of the ligament to the sesamoid bones, or even 
below the fetlock; the result is the same. This is what is 
meant by the term, "broken down." 

Treatment : — Absolute rest in a comfortable box stall, well 
bedded to entice the patient to lie down. Bathe with cold 
water, after which apply bandages and keep wet with cold 
water. After the fever has subsided apply Scotch Oil to 
remove the swelling or use. 

Tincture Iodine, two ounces. 

Bin Iodide Mercury, two drachms. 

Tincture Myrrh and Capsicum, six ounces. Mix. 

Apply three times a day. If the ligament is ruptured 

bandage the leg in a set of splints, so as to hold it in a proper 

position. Heavy belting makes a good support ;or the limb, 

by cutting it to fit and packing the space between the fetlock 



94 Equine and Bovine 

joint and the heel to form a prop. This will hold the limb in 
proper shape. Or put on a bar shoe and fasten an iron brace 
to it, bending it to fit the fetlock and extending it up to the 
knee. Pad it well with cotton batting and bandage. After 
complete union is secured remove the support and blister a few 
times to remove the swelling. Horses that have once "broke 
down," or ruptured the suspensory ligament, should not be put 
on the track nor at heavy pulling; but they may be used to 
good advantage for ordinary work, after a rest of six or eight 
months. 

SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS. 

Sprain of the flexor tendons, like sprain of the suspensory 
ligament, is caused by heavy pulling and fast running or 
trotting; also by wearing shoes with high toe-calks. The 
symptoms observed will be lameness; heat and swelling at 
the back part of the leg; and the peculiar way in which the 
horse moves the limb, which is with a stiff stubby movement; 
the toe touches the ground first and the horse bears most of 
its weight upon it, seldom bringing the heel to the ground 
during the first stages. After it becomes chronic, or the more 
severe symptoms have subsided, the heels will be brought to 
the ground, there will be a shortening of the tendons and a 
knuckling over of the fetlock joint. The swelling, which is a 
prominent symptom, will diverge from the seat of the sprain 
and extend up and down the tendon, involving the thecae, or 
sheaths of the tendons to such a degree that the tendons with 
difficulty pass through them. 

Treatment : — Shoe the horse with a bar shoe without 
calks, to give the shoe an even pressure when standing. This 
will prevent shortening of the tendons, which is likely to occur 
with high heel-calks, which only afford temporary relief. Apply 
cold bandages, occasionally pouring on cold water until the 
fever subsides. Then apply Scotch Oil, or one of the following 
mixtures, three times a day : 

Tincture Iodine, one ounce. 

Bin Iodide Mercury, one and one-half drachms. 

Tincture Myrrh and Capsicum, seven ounces. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 95 

Or, 

Tincture Cantharides, two ounces. 

Tincture Iodine, one ounce. 

Tincture Capsicum, two ounces. 

Alcohol, three ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Oil Cedar, four drachms. 

Oil Hemlock, four drachms. 

Oil of Tansy, four drachms. 

Oil of Wormwood, four drachms. 

Alcohol, eight ounces. Mix. 
If shortening of the tendons should take place Tenotomy 
may be performed if the patient is a young horse. But if an 
old horse the operation had better be let alone. The operation 
is performed by castmg the horse Blid securing it firmly. Then 
loosen the leg to be operated upon; fasten it as straight out as 
possible by a rope or strap tied to the fetlock. Make a small 
incision midway between the knee and the fetlock, the smaller 
the incision the better. Pass the knite flat-wise beneath the 
tendons, taking care to keep outside the blood-vessels, until 
you feel the knife against the skin on the opposite side. Then 
turn the edge of the knife towards the tendons and cut outward 
very slowly until you have severed the tendons. Then 
withdraw the knife. Be very careful to only cut the skin in 
one place and that a very small opening where the knife enters. 
Place your knee against the leg and forcibly straighten it to 
break up any adhesions which may have formed. After the 
operation keep the leg straight by putting on a shoe with a high 
toe-calk; or fasten a piece of iron to the shoe and let it extend 
six inches in front of the foot. If the toe should turn up a 
little have no fear, for when the tendons grow together it may 
shorten a little too mnch. After union has taken"place remove 
the thickening with a few applications of Scotch Oil. 

BKOKEN OR BRUISED KJSTEES. 

Whenever you see a bruise or a scar upon the knees of a 
horse the aninial, as regards value, should be looked upon with 
suspicion, unless the horse has good free action and the bruise 

7 



96 Equine and Bovine 

is known to be purely accidental. For a majority of cases 
arise from taulty action of the tore legs; vertigo or fits; 
"speedy cut" or interfering; diseased feet or navicular 
disease; over-reaching; or from bad shoeing; and possibly 
from the driver's awkwardness. The disease is more frequently 
noticed in the form of bruises than as broken bones. 

Treatment : — When bruises exist, without any abrasion of 
the skin, apply cold water frequently, with dressings of vaseline. 
Give rest, with good, deep bedding, and probably no other 
treatment will be necessary. But when the skin is lacerated, 
if none of the deeper tissues are involved, wash the wound 




BROKEN KNEE. 

well and bring its edges together with heavy court-plaster, 
leaving an opening below for the escape of pus; give rest and 
tie the horse up so it cannot lie down, to prevent it from 
breaking any of the adhesions while flexing the leg. Never 
use any stitches, as any movement of the knee will tend to 
tear them out. Where, besides the la^'eration of the skin, 
deeper tissues are involved, so that the tendons and synovial 
membrane are torn, and " open joint" is the result, you have 
a more serious case in hand. The wound may set up an 
extensive inflammation, the surrounding parts become greatly 
swollen, followed by so extensive a sloughing of the parts as 
to expose the bone. There will then be considerable 
constitutional disturbance; high fever; loss of appetite; bowels 
constipated; difficult voiding of the urine; and a foetid discharge 
from the wound. It is then as serious as a broken bone and 
the animal should be destroyed unless valuable for breeding 
purposes. If the animal is to be preserved force the leg out 
straight and fasten it with splints to maintain it in that 



Medicine and Surgery. 97 

position, leaving the knee exposed for treatment. Wash it 
out three times a day with tepid water and castile soap and 
apply Scotch Ointment three times a day; or use the following 
three times a day : 

Zinc Sulphate, two drachms. 

Acetate of Lead, four drachms*. 

Carbolic Acid, two drachms. 

Soft Water, one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Permanganate of Potass., one drachm. 

Tannin, one drachm. 

Distilled Water, one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Listorine, two ounces. 

CarboHc Acid, one drachm. 

Distilled Water, six ounces. Mix. 

CAEPITIS, OE mPLAMMATIOK OF THE KNEES. 

Inflammation of the knees may arise from different causes, 
such as concussion, rheumatism, sDrains, etc. The animal is 
obseryed to hold the leg stiff and to exhibit intense pain upon 
either flexion or extension of the knee. If the animal walks 
It will carry the leg stiffly. Sometimes there is swelling of the 
knee; at others there is perceptible no swelling whatever. If 
the disease exists between the bones there will be no swelling 
until an exudation is thrown out, and when this happens, a 
stiff knee is almost certain to be the result. 

Treatment :— Give complete rest and, if thought necessary, 
place the patient in slings. Use applications of cold water 
until the fever subsides; then apply a strong blister, as— 
Yaseline, one ounce. 
Bin Iodide Mercury, one drachm. 
Cantharides, one drachm. Mix. 

Use repeatedly. If there is a fluctuating swelling in front 
ol the knee, puncture it and allow the fluid to escape, after 
which apply a wet bandage and keep it wet. Should it fail to 
disappear apply the foregoing blister. 



98 Equine and Bovine 

ELBOW LAMENESS. 

Disease of the elbow is not an unfrequent occurrence. 

Symptoms:— While standing the horse holds its leg in a 
peculiar manner— carried well back, the leg flexed and resting 
upon the toe. In walking the hmb is brought forward with 
difficulty and when putting it to the ground to make the step, 
the patient drops the head and shoulder as though about to 
fall. There may not be very much heat or swelling. It there 
is fracture ol the point of the elbow you will see the excessive 
dropping of the head and shoulder; the leg will be flexed or 
seemingly in a pendulous condition, with heat and swelhng 
and pain upon pressure. Sometimes "capped elbow" causes 
lameness, but not always; when it does you do not have such 
excessive dropping of the head. 

Treatment: — If there is lameness, without swelling or heat, 
apply Scotch Oil according to directions. Allow sufficient rest 
and a cure will result. It there is fracture of the elbow swing 
the patient up immediately and ieed on soft feed. Apply 
splints and bandage from the knee up above the elbow to hold 
it in position, and keep the patient swung up until complete 
union has taken place, which will be in from six to ten weeks. 
Broad rubber belting makes a good splint, and bandage com- 
bined, li the lameness comes from capped elbow (usually 
caused by the horse lying with its elbows resting upon the 
heels of its shoes), remove the shoes and place a roll of sheep- 
skin, or other soft material, around the back part of the 
fetlock, to prevent the feet from irritating the bruise. Then 
apply hot water to the elbow until the inflammation sub- 
sides, when the lameness will usually disappear. But, to 
remove the enlargement, make a free incision low down 
to allow the fluid to escape; then apply some irritating sub- 
stance to cause it to slough out. After it heals and there is a 
small nodule left, dissect it out and treat as an ordinary wound. 
Widen the stall and allow plenty of room for the animal to lie 
down. 

SHOULDER SLIP, OR SWEENY. 

This disease, generally termed "sweeny," consists in 
atrophy, or waisting away, of the Antea and Postea Spinatus 
muscles. A brief description of the parts forming the shoulder 



Medicine and Sukgery. 



99 



joint will facilitate an understanding of the matter. The 
glenoid cavity, or hollow in the lower end of the shoulder 
bone, is very small compared to the head of the humerus, 
which plays" within it, thus giving it great liberty of motion, 
especially as the joint is not bound down with inelastic liga- 
ments, but by muscles and tendons only. The An tea and Pos- 
tea Spinatus muscles occupy the outer surface of the shoulder 
blade and extend down over the external and lateral surface 
of the joint. The Sub-Scapularis muscle occupies the inner 




SHOULDER SLIP, OR SWEENY. 

surface of the shoulderblade and extends down over the inner 
and lateral surface of the joint. The Coraco Humeralis muscle 
extends down over the front of the joint. So it will be seen 
that, when the external muscles are wasted away (atrophied), 
there is nothing left strong enough to hold the joint to its 
proper position, and it has an outward movement or slipping 
— but not a dislocation. It may be caused by a bruise; heavy 
pulling; or walking on uneven ground, as the furrow horse is 
compelled to do while plowing. It is more frequently seen in 
young horses, used for plowing, especially in the spring when 
the muscles are soft and flaccid. 

Symptoms: — There are generally swelling, heat and tender- 
ness, all along the external surface of the shoulder blade; but 
in the majority of cases the patient shows no lameness until 



100 Equine and Bovine 

the swelling and heat have subsided and atrophy, or wasting 
of the muscles, has begun. This generally takes place in a 
week or two from the time of the injury. The hollow space is 
usually the full length of the shoulderblade, and is sometimes 
very deep, so that the spine of the bone is prominent. 

Treatment: — During the inflammatory stage, while there 
is heat and swelling, foment wellwith hot water; and after 
the swelling has disappeared, apply a mild stimulating liniment, 
as Scotch Oil, or — 

' Ammonia, one ounce. 

Turpentine, two ounces. 

Sweet oil, five ounces. Mix. 
Or,— 

Oil of Cedar, one-half ounce. 

Oil of Tansy, one-half ounce. 

Oil of Hemlock, one-half ounce. 

Oil of Wormwood, one-half ounce. 

Alcohol, ten ounces. Mix. 
Use three times a day, rubbing in thorougly. Do not be 
afraid of rubbing as it stimulates the muscles to development. 
Use at light work on level ground, or turn out to pasture, for 
the patient needs exercise to develop the muscles. Do not be 
discouraged, but be persistent in your treatment, as it fre- 
quently takes six months, and sometimes a year, before the 
hollow is filled up and the muscles fully developed. If it 
seems very slow apply at intervals the following — 

Yaseline, one ounce. 

Bin Iodide Mercury, one drachm. 

Cantharides, one and one-half drachms. Mix. 
If you are persistent success will crown your effort and re- 
ward your trouble. 

SHOULDER LAMENESS. 

Shoulder lameness may arise from different causes, but the 
most frequent are kicks, bruises, sprains and rheumatism. It 
is characterized by the peculiar manner in which the patient 
holds the leg, which is flexed and resting upon the toe; also, 
the great difficulty with which the leg is brought forward in 



Medicine and Surgery. 101 

walking with, at the same time, a dragging ol the toe. If from 
kicks or bruises the lameness will be observed at the injured 
place; but it from sprain of the Coraco Humeralis muscle, 
which plajs on the front of the joint in the form of a tendon, 
there will be observed flexing of the limb and great difficulty 
in bringing it forward, with swelling heat and tenderness upon 
pressure at the point ot the shoulder. As inflammation of a 
tendon frequently results in formation of bone material, you 
will readily see the need of prompt and careful treatment. 

Treatment:— Put on a very high heeled shoe and apply 
frequent fomentations of hot water; or place a rug on the point 
of the shoulder and keep applying hot water until the inflam- 
mation has subsided. Then remove the shoes and keep quiet 
on a level floor and apply the following three times a day- 
Tincture Iodine, two ounces. 

Witch Hazel, two ounces. 

Alcohol, four ounces. Mix. 
Or,- 

Oil of Cedar, one-half ounce. 

Oil of Hemlock, one half ounce. 

Oil of Wormwood, one half ounce. 

Tincture Iodine, one ounce. 

Alcohol, eight ounces. Mix. 
Allow the patient to rest for sometime and use only at 
light work for at least four months. 

KHEUMATISM. 

This is a peculiar disease, and none to thoroughly under- 
stood. It attacks the fibrous structures, such as muscles, ten- 
dons, etc. It is apt to move suddenly from one joint to an- 
other, from one set of muscles to another, or to some internal 
organ, as the heart. It is seldom that acute rheumatism ter- 
minates in chronic rheumatism or that the reverse occurs. 
Chronic rheumatism is met with most frequently among the 
domesticated animals. 

Symptoms:— The patient will appear dull and stupid with an 
inclmation to be let alone and not to be moved about. If the 
aflection be in the limbs or joints and the animal be forced to 
move, it either goes very lame or is very stiff. The parts 



102 Equine and Bovine 

affected may be swollen and hard, or, if in the joint, soft and 
fluctuating; or there may not be any swelling, but a crackling 
noise at the joints when moved. There is generally fever with 
a full hard pulse, increased temperature, hurried breathing, 
costiveness and scanty, high colored urine. If acute rheuma- 
tism, the disease will generally terminate in about six or eight 
weeks; but, if chronic, it may last until warm weather comes. 
Treatment: — Give as a physic — 

Aloes, one ounce. 

Ginger, one drachm. Mix. 
Administer at one dose; and, if the pain be excessive, give 
ounce doses of laudanum, to be followed by — 

Acetate of Potass., one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda, one ounce. 

Nitrate of Potass., one and one-half ounces. Mix. 
Make twelve powders and give one powder three times a 
day. Apply hot cloths, or hot bran, or hot corn, or use Scotch 
Oil; or make the following liniment — 

Aqua Ammonia, two ounces. 

Spirits Turpentine, two ounces. 

Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix. 
Apply two or three times a day. But there is no liniment 
for rheumatism equal to Scotch Oil. You may also give, 
with benefit, Liq. Ammon. Acet., two ounces three times a 
day; but the treatment is seldom very satisfactory. 

SPRAINED BACK. 

Sprained back is not of frequent occurrence, but it may 
happen from the hind feet slipping while the animal is pulling 
hard to start a heavy load, or from its stru.^gling when cast in 
the stall. The Psoas muscles, which are the seat of the sprain, 
are situated underneath the lumbar vertebrae, and are attached 
anteriorly to the heads of the last ribs and dorsal vertebrae 
aud posteriorly to the brim of the pelvis and internal trochan- 
ter of the femur; their action is to bend the haunch upon the 
pelvis, and, when the horse is pulling, to produce the appear- 
ance of a "roached back." When sprained these muscles lose 
their tone and power, and instead of a ''roached back" there 



Medicine and Surgery. 



103 



will be the reverse, except there be swelling over the loins, 
which is frequently the case. If both the Psoas muscles are 
strained the animal will be unable to rise from a recumbent 
position, though when placed on its feet, it may stand; it will 
walk with a drunken, staggering gait and a knuckling over of 
the fetlocks. It is easily distinguished from broken back by 
the power to move its limbs, and the sense of feeling in the 




SPRAINED BACK. 



hind extremity. Examination per rectum reveals heat and 
swelling, with pain upon pressure along the spine. After these 
symptoms have passed away and the animal is restored to use- 
fulness there will be a weakness of the back for some months, 
or until the muscles are again fully developed and regain their 
natural power and tone. 

Treatment: — If the patient is able to stand, place the slings 
under it, but if unable to stand you had better let the slings 
alone. Apply frequently hot fomentations across the loins 
and afterwards use Scotch Oil, or — 

Aqua Ammonia, one and one-half ounces. 

Turpentine, one and one-half ounces. 

Olive Oil, five ounces. Mix. 



104 Equine and Bovine 

Or,- 

Tincture Iodine, two ounces. 

Oil ot Hemlock, one-half ounce. 

Oil of Wormwood, one-half ounce. 

Oil of Organum, one ounce. 

Alcohol, four ounces. Mix. 
Apply three times a day. If the patient is dragging along 
and not improving very rapidly, in the course of a month ap- 
ply a good blister across the loins and it will help materially 
to develop the muscles and to regain their natural tone and 
power. A blister may be applied every two or three weeks; 
the following will answer nicely — 

Vaseline, two ounces. 

Bin-Iodide Murcury' one and one-half drachms. 

Powdered Cantharides, two drachms. Mix. 

STRINGHALT. 

This disease consists of an involuntary spasmodic contraction 
of the muscles of the hind leg. The horse raises and lowers 
the foot in a peculiar manner, with a quick jerky motion, 
which it cannot control. The causes are not thoroughly 
understood. It is by some attributed to injuries. ; by otliers 
to inflammation of the nerves; and others still attribute it to 
tumors variously situated, — as in fhe brain, in the spinal cord, 
in the muscles of the legs, etc. ; and some attribute it to a 
peculiar condition of the blood. These theories are all 
suppositions; possibly all are, to a certain extent, true. The 
disease generally comes on very slowly but may develop very 
rapidly, even in so short a time as twenty-four hours. At 
first the foot may be slightly elevated, with a quick jerking 
motion, and brought to the ground in the same manner. This 
may be noticed in the winter season and during the heated 
months the animal may travel all right. When this is the case 
it may be regarded as a rheumatic form of stringhalt. If it 
does not improve during the summer months, as age advances 
the disease gradually continues to grow worse, until it strikes 
the belly with the fetlock. The disease is purely nervous in 
nature, as, for instance, should the animal pick up a nail with 
the foot, the stringhalt is manifested in a severe form, and 



Medicine and Surgery. 105 

extreme pain is manifested. Except for the rheumatic form, 
there is no treatment that will benefit the patient. .^In that 




STRINGHALT. 



case treat for rheumatism; or when first noticed, give strychnia 
in full doses for a few months. 

TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS, OR 
OPEN JOINT. 

An open joint may be caused by a puncture from a knife, 
from splinters of wood, or from the prongs ot a fork; or by 
bruises, by kicks, or by lacerations from falling on a hard or 
rough surface. It is always attended with more or less danger. 

Symptoms : — If the opening is small with but a trifling 
leakage from the joint, the patient will not at first exhibit any 
distressing symptoms; but in the course of a few days it will 
manifest pain by going very lame and, possibly, not resting 
upon the limb at all but holding it up and keeping it in 
continuous motion on account of severe pain. The leakage 



106 Equine and Bovine 

will then be more profuse and acciimnlate on the outer edge of 
the wound. The patient will now lose its appetite and have 
very high fever with constipation. The pulse will be quick, 
hard and wiry; and, from extreme pain, the patient will 
break out in a sweat. If at this stage the patient does not 
receive prompt attention, the disease will continue in force, 
and Irom between the opening and the accumulation on the 
outer edge of the wound a thin watery discharge, accompanied 
by streaks of blood and small scales of cartilage and bone, 
will issue. The ends of the bone entering into the formation 
of the joint are now undergoing a destructive change; and a 
cure can only be effected by a consolidation of the joint. A 
stift joint is inevitable; and if it be a joint requiring great 
motion the patient had better be destroyed. During the 
whole time the tissues surrounding the joint will be enlarged 
and inflamed, sometimes very hard and at others soft and 
doughy. 

Treatment : — Two things are very essential to a favorable 
termination. The first is endeavoring to heal the wound by 
the adhesive process (or first intention) and thus prevent 
suppuration. The second is preventing the air from 
penetrating the joint, thus avoiding extensive inflammation. 
Never probe around in the wound to find if there be any dirt, 
gravel or any other foreign substance lodged there, but wash 
it out carefully with a sponge and syringe with tepid water; if 
any foreign substance be found remove it carefully. If the 
tissues are lacerated cut off the small particles that will not 
adhere, but do not cut the skin and bring the edges of the 
wound together with stitches of cat-gut; then place half a tea 
spoonful of Iodoform upon the wound and bandage. Immedi- 
ately after place the animal in slings, as it not only affords the 
patient complete rest but prevents the stitches from being torn 
out by the flexing of the limb in lying down. If complete 
union is effected and there is enlargement of the joint with 
some inflammation, apply a good blister or Scotch Oil according 
to directions. If there is not complete union of the parts and 
they burst out, and the synovia, or "joint oil, " comes oozing 
out, accompanied by pus, you then only can expect to heal by 
granulation. The best method to secure this is to apply a 
good blister, as it not only sets up a healthy inflammation but 
frequentlv produces a swelling sufficient to bring the edges of 



Medicine and Surgery. 107 

the wound together, thus excluding the air and, before the 
swelling subsides, forming granulations enough to close the 
wound, and so effecting a cure. The following is a good blister: 

Yaseliae, two ounces. 

Powdered Cantharides, four drachms. Mix. 
Apply every third day for four applications. If much 
swelling remains after the wound is healed apply Scotch Oil. 
If small abscesses form around the joint aad cause much pain 
open them; if they do not cause much pain, allow them to 
burst. The constitutional treatment should be to open the 
bowels with a physic, 

Aloes, one ounce. 

Ginger, one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Then give three times a day one 
powder of the following : 

Quinine Sulph , four drachms. 

Mtrate of Potass., one ounce. 

Bi-Carb. Soda, one ounce. Mix. 
Make into twelve p »wders, For the first few days feed on 
a soft diet, as bran mash, chopped feed, etc. Afterwards feed 
on the most nutritious diet in limited quantities to build up the 
strength. If the appetite is poor give Scotch Compound three 
times a day. 

ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF 
THF JOINTS. 

This may be due to sprains of the ligaments extending 
into the ioint and adjoining the synovial membrane; to 
Concussion of the bones extending to the joint; to wounds 
admitting air into the joint; to rheumatism; to scrofula; to 
calcareous deposits in the joints, etc. From whatever cause 
the whole joint becomes involved and the symptoms have 
such a close similarity that they may be considered alike. 

Symptoms : — The joint will be swollen and of a doughy 
consistency. There will be lameness with more or less fever, 
according to the severity of the attack. If the joint is moved 
the patient will exhibit excruciating pain. Sometimes the 
animal will hold the foot clear of the ground in a fixed 
position. Often from pain the patient will break out in a 
sweat, the fever running high and the pulse being quick and 



108 Equine and Bovine. 

wiry. The tissues surrounding the joint become greatly 
swollen, with increased heat and tenderness of the parts. 

Treatment : — Place the patient in slings and give a physic 
to open up the bowels. Then apply hot fomentations to the 
joint frequently with flannel bandages, and the following every 
three or four hours : 

Sulphuric Ether, two ounces. 

Laudanum, two ounces. 

Tincture Belladonna, one ounce. 

Tincture Aconite, one ounce. Mix. 
If this does not quiet the pain and the swelling is obstinate, 
apply a blister — such as for open joints, and administer three 
times a day half ounce doses of Fluid Extract Buchu and 
Juniper, with Acetate of Potassium. 

EICKETS. 

This is not an inflammatory disease but consists of a 
softening of the bony structures. It is most frequently seen 
in young animals, those from a few days to a few months old. 
The real trouble is a lack in the bones of such inorganic 
materia] as the phosphate and carbonate of calcium. Whenever 
the bones become deficient in these materials they are carti- 
laginous in texture and easily bent; in this way occurs the 
deformity of rickets. The causes are mal-nutrition, or a 
deficiency of the elements necessary to build up the already 
deficient bony structure. Although hereditary in its character 
it may be developed by not allowing the colt to suck the mare 
at will only permitting it, perhaps, to suck three times a day 
when the mare, hot and feverish, returns from work. Such 
treatment will cause irregularities of the bowels, the milk 
passing through them in a half digested curd-like mass, white 
in color and very sour to the smell. This will cause great 
depletion and rickets is the result. 

Treatment : — Feed regularly on good nutritious diet; 
change the pasture; bandage the legs to keep them straight; 
give small doses of phosphate of lime; keep in a dry, sunshiny, 
airy place; giv^ cod-liver oil and, to check the scouring, four 
to six ounces of castor oil. 



DISEASES OF CAT! LE. 



ABORTION, 



This disease is becoming more prevalent in this country 
since the introduction of the finer breeds of cattle. Some 
years ago the abortion of a cow, except through injury, was 
rarely heard of. Since the finer breeds have become pretty 
widely distributed abortion is more and more prevalent. 
Possibly these cattle are inbred to such an extent that it 
produces a weakened system — especially weak in the generative 
organs. Or, derangement of the digestive organs by the 
feeding of highly nutritious and artificial foods may produce a 
sympathetic derangement ot the generative organs. Another 
cause may be found in the construction of the modern stable, 
with its deep receptacle for urine and manure, into which 
possibly, the hind feet of the cows slip, thus inducing abortion! 
These matters cannot be too carefully analyzed; and I am of 
the opinion that here may be found some of the principal 
causes. When one cow in a herd has aborted she should be 
removed immediately, as her condition excites sympathy in 
the others, which affecting the generative organs, more 
abortions may follow. Other causes producing abortion are 
feeding smutty or diseased rye; colic; some cows constantly 
'^ bulling" others in the herd and leaping upon them; or 
injuries from various sources. We must distinguish between 
abortion and premature labor. The term abortion should 
be used when the cow loses ner calf during the first six months 
of pregnancy; the term "premature labor" is applicable after 
the first six months are passed. The one should not be 
confounded with the other, although abortion is as dangerous 
as premature birth, and vice versa. Sometimes breeding 
cattle are sold under a guarantee that they have never aborted 
and the purchaser, ignorant of the fact that "premature 
birth " is th^ term used during the last three months of 



1J2 Equine and Bovine 

pregnancy, buys some that have had premature birth and, 
when too late, regrets his purchase. Anything which will 
produce excitement of the nervous system is liable to produce 
abortion. 

Symptoms : — Sometimes abortion is so easily produced and 
performed with so little difficulty that it has no premonitory 
symptoms, whatever. But, after it has taken place, there will 
be observed a falling in of the flanks and a discharge from the 
vagina, sometimes emitting an offensive odor. Sometimes 
premature birth occurs with the same ease, but, more frequently, 
the animal will appear dull; with loss of appetite; suspended 
rumination, bloating; dark colored discharge from the vagina 
of a foeiid odor; sometimes protrusion of the membranes; 
pulse quickened, small and wiry; more or less uneasiness, 
with straining and a disposition to seek a place of seclusion. 

Treatment: — If the foetus is expelled within the membrane 
and without difficulty, little or no treatment is required, but it 
the membranes are retained they should be removed mechanic- 
ally. (See Ketention of Placenta.) If the patient cannot ex- 
pel the foetus and there is a foetid smell or the membranes 
protrude, the calf should be delivered at once and the mem- 
branes immediately removed. Should the mouth of the womb 
be closed and not dilated, grease it thoroughly with extract of 
Belladonna, and in the course of twenty or thirty minutes it 
will be found dilating. You should then assist the dilation 
with the hand and remove the contents. Afterwards wash 
out the womb with a solution of Permanganate of Potassium — 
one drachm to a gallon of warm water. Afterwards give three 
times a day the following, for two or three days — 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, one ounce. 
Tincture Ginger, one ounce. 
Warm Beer, one quart. Mix. 
At first administer a physic — 
Epsom Salts, one pound. 
Powdered Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. 

Give in half a gallon of warm water; and give Scotch Com- 
pound twice a day for two or three weeks and feed on soft 
feed. 



Medicine and Surgery. 113 

ULCERATED TONGUE. 

Ulcerations ol the tongue, fauces and cheeks occur from 
inflammation excited by injuries; diseased teeth; lodged food, 
corn-cobs or sticks between the teeth in the mouth ; by trying, 
whilst the animal is choking, to force apples, potatoes, or 
other substances down the throat with a stick. 

Symptoms :— Constitutional disturbances will be noticed 
from the very first, as the animal experiences great difficulty 
in masticating and swallowing food. Emaciation will follow, 
attended by a rough staring coat, sunken eyes and a dejected 
appearance generally. On examining the mouth the cause 
will appear in the form of one or more ulcers on the back 
part of the tongue or fauces, having a ragged appearance and 
emitting a sour, disagreeable smell. 

Treatment : — Feed on soft nutritious diet with Scotch 
Compound. With a sponge or cloth fastened to a stick apply 
to the ulcers the following, once a day : 
Sulphate of Zinc, one drachm. 
Butter of Antimony, one drachm. 
Alcohol, eight ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Nitrate of Silver, one half drachm. 
Water, eight ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Chloride of Zinc, one drachm. 
Water, ten ounces. Mix. 
Keep in a cool place and allow plenty of cool drinking 
water. A cure will generally result. 

DIARHHCEA. 

Diarrhcea is observed in cattle as well as in all other ani- 
mals, and its causes are many and various. Among them are 
eating irritating substances; eating to large quantities of food; 
eating to excess of sloppy bran or linseed meal; change from 
dry to green food; the injudicious or continued use of purga- 
tive medicines; indigestion or disordered stomach. Diarrhcea 
in calves may be caused by giving very rich milk in large 



114 Equine and Bovine 

quantities, or by feeding sour milk; the latter curdles in the 
stomach, and passing on into the bowels in a half digested 
state, acts as an irritant, producing what is known as the 
* 'white scours." Whilst diarrhoea is a disease, it is sometimes 
a boon to the animal, being nature's effort to cast ofl some 
deleterious matter that has impregnated the system. 

Symptoms: — The most prominent symptoms are a copious 
discharge, of a liquid consistency, from the bowels, accom- 
panied by flatulence and continued straining; sometimes a 
good appetite, but more frequently it is diminished; cramping 
pains; staring coat; and the animal will stand all drawn up; if 
the patient be a calf whose diarrhoea is caused by sour milk 
the faeces will emit a sour odor; the animal will lose flesh 
rapidly and have a dejected appearance generally. 

Treatment :-^To much cannot be said against the use of 
astringent remedies at the commencement of diarrhoea, unless 
the cause be known to be the use of purgatives, bran or linseed 
meal. The reason for this is that there is generally within the 
bowels some irritant which nature is trying to expel. Instead 
of giving remedies to prevent it, give half a pint or a pint of 
linseed or castor oil to aid in removing the offending object, 
it will usually effect a cure. If not, you may then resort to 
astringents and give one of the following, every four or flve 
hours until a cure is effected — 

Tincture Catechu, two ounces. 

Tincture Kino, two ounces. 

Tincture Opium, two ounces. 

Tincture Ginger, two ounces. Mix. 
(live two ounces at a dose in a little water as a drench; or, 

Powdered Chalk, one ounce. 

Powdered Catechu, three darchms. 

Powdered Kino, one drachm. 

Powdered Opium, one-half drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose; or. 

Prepared Chalk, six drachms. 

Powdered Opium, one drachm. 

Tannic Acid, one scruple. Mix. 
Give at one dose. If, after giving these remedies, the 



Medicine and Sukgery 



115 



bowels become too much constipated, give a pint ot raw lin- 
seed oil, or castor oil. Feed on dry feed, give no grain and 
limit the amount of drinking water to half gallon at each drink. 
For calves give one-fourth the amount prescribed above. 

ACUTE DYSENTERY. 

This disease consists in an inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the bowels, with ulceration and hemorrhage, and 
is sometimes called bloody flux. It is very often the sequel to 
diarrhoea and has similar causes. The symptoms, too, are 
about the same, only of a more aggravated form. There is 
great constitutional disturbance with a liquid or watery dis- 
charge, intermingled wifh blood, from the bowels. The animal 
appears very dull, with clammy mouth, flurred tongue; sunken 
eyes, discharging a thin, watery or mattery discharge; rapid. 




ACUTE DYSENTERY. 

Sir all and wiry pulse; dry, harsh, starirg coat; great emaci" 
ation, with a hidelound appearance. Tie animal grunts, 
grinds its teeth and stands with its back arched. Fain in the 
bowels is manifested by uneasiness and frequent straining; the 
straining is sometimes, so hard that it forces the bowel out, 
when it presents a red and inflamed appearance. Sometimes, 
but not always, there is consid* rable bloating on the left side. 
The horns, limbs and ears tre cold. K a cow, she loses her 



116 Equine and Bovine 

milk. Loss of appetit«^ is noticed, with suspended rumina- 
tion and increased desire for water. 

Treatment: — Place the animal in a good, comfortable 
place, well bedded, and blanket well. Feed choice, clean, 
nutritious food and allow drinking water sparingly. Give the 
following — 

Castor Oil, one pint. 

Powdered Opium, one drachm. 

Powdered Catechu, one drachm. Mix. 
(xive at one dose, and aftewards give every four or five 
hours, till the bowels stop running off and the patient stops 
straining, ot the following — 

Calomel, one-half drachm. 

Powdered Opium, two scruples. 

Powdered Kino, one drachm. Mix. 
Give in a pint of linseed tea; or, 

Powdered Opium, two scruples. 

Prepared Chalk, five drachms. 

Powdered Catechu, four drachms. 

Ginger, two drachms. Mix. 
Give in a quart of linseed gruel; or. 

Muriate ot Morphia, ten grains. 

Powdered Camphor, one drachm. 

Prepared Chalk, six drachms. 

Whites of three hard boiled eggs. Mix. 
Give in a pint of linseed or oatmeal gruel; or, 

Tincture Opium, one ounce. 

Tincture Catechu, one-half ounce. 

Tincture Kino, one-half ounce. 

Pure Carbolic Acid, thirty drops. 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one and one-half ounces. Mix. 
Give in a pint of linseed gruel. 

Sometimes acute dysentery subsides and takes a chronic 
form, when the length of time tor recoverf will be prolonged. 
Select one or two of the toregoing prescriptions containing chalk 
and continue its use twice daily; the results will be very satis- 



Medicine and Surgery. 



117 



factory. But, if the chronic form is the result ot old age and 
general debility, the bowels become so weakened that any 
treatment is ot little avail and death closes the acene. 

TYMPANITIS, HOVEN OE BLOATING. 

This is a common disease, or rather accident, among cattle 
and has been pretty generally observed by almost every person 
who is in the habit of keeping or handling them. The com- 
plaint is usually observed in cattle which are greedy eaters and 
have just beeu turned out to feed on red clover pasture of rank 
growth and covered with moisture or dew. The greedy animal 
eats more than the stomach can handle and force up tor masti- 
cation. In the rumen, or first stomach, which is merely a 
receptacle for food, a fermentation takes place, gasses |are 




v=>->^, - 



ACUTE TYMPANITIS OR BLOATING. 



formed and the paunch is distended to an enormous size and 
is noticed on the left side. If relief is not speedily obtained 
rupture of the stomach or bowels takes place and death ensues. 
Cattle that have been fed on dry feed, and are turned upon 
green pasture that is wet from rain or dew, are most liable to 
become affected. Great care should, there I ore, be exercised 
in not allowing the cattle to eat too much such grass before 
being removed to a place of confinement where they may 
ruminate or "chew the cud." Cattle fed on frozen turnips, 
carrots or other roots, are subject to tympanitis. So, also, 
cattle which are choking, or have any foreign substance within 



118 Equine and Bovine 

the oesophagus, are hable to bloat; but on removal of the ob- 
struction the bloating disappears. I have seen a case where 
the cow had attempted premature birth. The calf was dead 
and partially decayed within the womb; rumination was sus- 
pended; appetite lost; rough coat; dejected appearance gen- 
erally. Bloating was a prominent symptom. An examination 
by the vagina revealed the cause. 

Symptoms:— The symptoms are developed very rapidly. 
After being turued on clover or wet grass a swelling appears 
on the lett side and gradually increases in severity. The bloat- 
ing becomes greater, breathing is most difficult and the patient 
moans and grunts; the eyes become blood-shot; saliva drivels 
irom the mouth; the back is arched. The animal seems riveted 
to the spot on which it stands, or staggers around and falls to 
rise no more. 

Treatment: — If the case is not too far advanced give the 
following at one dose — 

Aqua Ammonia, one ounce. 
Tincture of Ginger, two ounces. 
Tincture of Anise, one ounce. 
Water, one quart. 

Afterwards place a large gag in the mouth to keep it wide 
open and fasten it there by ropes tied around the horns or 
neck; this will permit the free outlet of eructations of gas from 
the stomach. If the symptoms increase in severity it is best 
to tap the stomach with a trocar and canula, which is done as 
follows: Fasten the animal so that it cannot get away, then 
shove the beast against the stall or fence. Then, standing on 
the left, somewhat in fnmt to prevent being kicked, measure 
about half way between the last rib and the hip bone, and 
about six inches from the lumbar vertebrae. Kow plunge the 
instrument inward and downward and withdraw the trocar 
leaving the cannla, through which the gcas will come rushing 
out. The canula may be fastened there, and, if necessary, 
kept in position for twenty-four hours. The trocar and canula 
stkould be eight or nine inches in length and three-eighths of 
an inch in diameter. If you have no instrument use an 
ordinary jack knife, as there is very little danger from such 
an operation. After discharging the gas, to empty the stomach, 
give the following — 



Medicine and Surgery. 119 

Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. 

Sulphate of Soda, twelve ounces. 

Powdered Ginger, lour drachms. 

Water, oue gallon. Mix. 
Give immediately. Sometimes the hollow probang is in- 
troduced into the stomach, to allow the gas to escape; but 
this is not very practical, as you cannot allow it to remain in 
very long and the opening is liable to become plugged with 
food. After giving the physic you may give some brandy, 
whiskey or ale to tone up the stomach. 

ALBUMINUKIA, INFLAMMATION OF THE KID- 
NEYS, OR BRIGHT'S DISEASE. 

This disease is not very frequent, except as the result of 
injury, when it sometimes occurs in a violent form. Still it 
may arise from bad feeding, from feeding poorly matured or 
marsh hay, which causes derangement of the digestive organs 
and irritation of the kidneys through reflex action of the brain. 
This form is seldom observed among the lower animals. But 
when an injury is received upon the brain or spinal cord Albu 
minuria is frequently the result. 

Symptoms: — Generally the first symptoms observed are the 
animal's standing with its legs gathered under it, and the back 
arched ; or the legs will be somewhat stretched out, the hind 
legs wide apart, and the back sunken or straight. The animal 
is loath to move, appears stiff, and if compelled to move does 
so with a painful, straddling movement. The bowels are 
usually constipated and the breathing accelerated. The urine 
is thick and dark colored, and sometimes passed with difficulty; 
if tested for albumen it will be found in varying amounts. The 
attack is usually very sudden, and, if not speedily relieved, 
the patient usually dies from blood poisoning. 

Treatment: — If there is inability to void the urint it should 
be drawn away. In the cow this is easily done with a straight 
catheter; but in the ox, owing to the curvature in the penis, it 
can only be done by making an incision into the urethra bolow 
the anus, through which pass the female catheter. Then im- 
mediately give a strong physic to unload the bowels and keep 
their contents in a liquid state, to relieve the kidneys of a share 
of their work. Give the following — 



120 Equine and Bovine 

Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. 

Sulphate of Soda, twelve ounces. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Warm Water, one and one-half gallons. 
Keep hot cloths across the loins and occasionally rub 
Scotch Oil across the region of the Kidneys. Keep in com- 
fortable place, and feed on a soft nutritious diet. Give the 
following every three or four hours — 

Strychnia, twenty-four grains. 

Hydro-Chlorate of Morphia, thirty-six grains. 

Tincture Per-Chloride of Iron, six ounces. Mix. 
Dose, one ounce in a pint of water. This should be con- 
tinued for a week or ten days. 

ANTHEAX, BLACK LEG OK QUARTER ILL. 

This disease is known by several names, but the affection 
is the same nevertheless. It is very seldom seen in the east- 
ern or middle states, but on the ranges in Dakota, Montana, 
Nebraska and those western states and territories, where the 
cattle have to gather their own fodder during the greater part 
of the year, it is quite prevelent. Where cattle are compelled 
to live out doors and gather their own food during the winter 
season they are exposed to all kinds of weather, and some- 
times have a very scanty living, on account of the ground 
being covered with snow. The result is they become so poor 
as to barely be able to walk in the spring. When the snow 
leaves and the weather turns warm a very luxuriant growth of 
grass starts up, affording the very finest kind of nutritious 
food. The cattle flesh up very rapidly. A superabundance 
of blood is formed in the system. Fever sets in, complicated 
with eruptions or sloughing of the tissues, and death usually 
results. Sometimes one will appear in perfect health, and the 
following day it will be seen to be lame in one quarter. That 
quarter will begin to swell, and, on examination, it will be 
found to be black in color and to emit a crackling sound from 
under the skin as if filled with air. Putrefaction sets in and 
the animal dies in from one to four days, and in the greatest 
misery. Sometimes this disease is more prolonged and not so 
severe in character. In such cases there will be swellings at 



Medicine and Surgery. 121 

different parts ot the body or on the limbs, emitting a crackling 
noise when pressed upon. There will also be an eruption 
upon the mucous membrane ot the mouth and tongue, The 
animal is somewhat costive and what dung is passed is covered 
with blood. The urine is scanty and high-colored. Breathing 
is difficult. The animal walks as if stiff and sore, The thirst 
is intense, with entire suspension of rumination. The ears, 
horns and legs become cold. Sloughing of the swollen parts 
takes place and the animal usually dies from blood poisoning. 
Treatment is usually unsatistactory and seldom attempted. 
Prevention is the cure that should be looked to. The. best 
mode is not to let the cattle fatten too rapidly. When they 
cannot be herded so as to fatten slowly a seaton should be 
inserted through the dew-lap. This will keep up a constant 
drain on the system and there will seldom be any trouble from 
black-leg. 

PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. 

For forty years, or so, this disease has been noticed in 
different parts of the Eastern States but through precautionary 
measures it has not become at all widely spread in the rest of 
the country — for which stock-owners may be deeply thankful. 
The means now employed to prevent the spread of the disease 
by quarantining imported cattle for a period of three months 
will, no doubt, lessen, if not completely check, the ravages of 
tliis malady. Floating rumors sometimes declare the existence 
of Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia in some of the Western 
States; but upon the best authority I am informed that upon 
thorough examination, both ante and post mortem, by qualified 
veterinary surgeons, sach rumors fail to establish themselves. 
At the same time considerable alarm may exist. Pleuro- 
pneumonia Epizootica is as contagious among cattle as small- 
pox is among men. Bedding, feed, blankets, manure — in 
fact, anything used around an auimal affected with Pleuro- 
pneumonia — brought in contact with a healthy animal are 
liable to communicate the disease. The period of incubation 
varies with difft3rent animals. The disease may develop in a 
week or ten days and may not appear under twelve or fifteen 
weeks, — though during this time there will appear some 
symptoms. There may be a slight husky cough, pulse somewhat 
accelerated, with a raise in temperature to possibly 103° F. 



122 



Equine and Bovine 



Yet the animal may thrive and lay on flesh and, if a milch 
cow, the flow ot milk may not be diminished. After the 
disease becomes farther advanced respiration is quickened, the 
temperature reaches 108° F., appetite ceases, rumination is 
suspended; the mouth is hot; there are chills with more or 
less shivering; milk diminishes; bowels are constipated; 
urine is high-colored; breath somewhat offensive; pulse 
accelerated to possibly one hundred or more per minute; coat 
staring, with yellow skin. The cough becomes more trequent 
and troublesome; the nostrils are dilated, with a slight 
offensively smelling discharge; there is great emaciation; on 
applying the ear to the wind-pipe a rushing sound of air is 
heard ; at the base of the lungs a loud sound may be heard, 
but still further back, on account of the infiltration or consoli- 
dation of the lung tissue, no sound at all or only a wheezing 
sound can be heard. If the disease be confined to one side or 
to one lung only, on the opposite side the respiratory murmur 
is much louder on account of the double work on that side. 
Ko treatment should be attempted but the infected animals 
sliould be destroyed and their carcasses burned, as soon as the 
identity of the disease is established beyond doubt, in order to 
prevent the spread of the contagion. 

EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, OR FOOT AND MOUTH 
DISEASE. 

It is proper to state here that a simple form of aphtha 




EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, OR FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 

appears in young animals during dentition, when small vesicles 



Medicine and Surgery. 123 

or blisters break out around the mouth, on the tongue, and 
sometimes around the feet. But this is in no way contagious 
and calls for little or no treatment except the application of 
some healing lotion. But Epizootic Aphtha is a different 
disease and highly contagious, often fatal; and like small-pox 
and measles in man is seldom seen twice in the same individual. 
It is purely an eruptive fever and destined to run a certain 
course, until a favorable termination may be reached, despite 
all treatment. 

Symptoms : — The symptoms vary in intensity according to 
the condition, temperament and habits of the animal. It 
develops rapidly from the commencement and is generally 
ushered in by a chill which is succeeded by a staring coat, dry 
cough, quick hard pulse, and a temperature ranging from 103° 
F. to 106°F. ; the appetite is poor and sometimes entirely 
suspended. Thick ropy saliva drivels from the mouth and, as 
the vesicles rupture, it becomes mixed with blood. Upon 
examining the mouth vesicles varying in size will be seen on the 
tongue, lips and cheeks. The feet are not always attacked, but 
generally are. If so, there will be swelling around the coronets 
covered with small blisters, also small blisters between the 
coronets. The swelling presses the toes apart and, on standing 
or walking, causes great pain. The blisters or vesicles soon 
burst, discharge their contents and, in the majority of cases, 
scab over. Sometimes the teats and udders of cows become 
affected, break out, swell, and prove a great source of irritation. 
Treatment : — Give a mild laxative, as, " 

Sulphate of Soda, ten ounces. 

Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Foenugrec, one-half ounce. Mix. 
Give in a quart of warm beer. The mouth should be 
washed twice or thrice daily with the following : 

Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Powdered Alum, one ounce. 

Water, one quart. Mix. 

If matter forms around the feet apply the following twice 
daily : 

Iodoform, one ounce. 
Vaseline, two ounces. Mix. 



124 



Equine and Bovine. 



Grease the parts; or use, 

Saljcilic Acid, one-half ounce. 
Iodoform, one ounce. 
Vaseline, two ounces. Mix. 
Grease the parts thrice daily and feed Scotch Compound 
to purify the blood, If the udder is swelled and painful 
grease with, 

Gum Camphor, one ounce. 
Extract Belladonna, one ounce. 
"Vaseline, five ounces. Mix. 
Use twice daily, or better still, apply Scotch Oil twice 
daily. 

HJEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URmE. 

This disease is seen amongst all breeds of cattle and is 
caused by injuries over the back and loins; by cattle jumping 




TRAUMATIC H^MATUREA. 



upon each other; by eating herbs which cause irritation of the 
kidneys; or by the administration of painful diuretics. 

Symptoms : — The symptoms develop very rapidly. The 
animal appears weak, scarcely able to rise, and when standing 
the back is arched; there is straining; the animal voids small 
quantities of urine mixed with blood globules and albumen; 
pulse quick, small and wiry; appetite and rumination partly 
suspended; legs and horns are alternately hot and cold; mouth 
hot; bowels constipated; flow of milk decreased; on applying 



Medicine and Surgery. 125 

pressure along the back the animal evinces pain; if compelled 
to walk it moves with a straddling gait. 

Treatment : — Apply hot fomentations acress the loins and 
give the following : 

Sulphate ot Magnesia, sixteen ounces. 

Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces. 

Ground Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Gentian, one-hall ounce. Mix. 
Give in a gallon of water at one dose; to be followed with 
tonics, as. 

Tincture Per-chloroid of Iron, one ounce. 

Tincture Cinchona, four ounces. 

Tincture Nux Vomica, two ounces. 

Tincture Opium, four ounces. 

Infusion of Quassia, five ounces. Mix. 
Give two ounces three times a day. Feed on a soft 
nutritious diet and giye Scotch Compound to build up the 
system. 

CANCEKOUS ULCERS. 

When the Veterinary surgeon's attention is called to these 
cases he can do little more than to advise concerning the best 
mode of destroying the animal. These ulcers generally appear 
as small hard nodules, situated upon either the upper or lower 
jaw, principally the latter. Usually they are at first movable, 
the skin playing over them with perfect ease. As they 
gradually develop in size they Decome adherent to the bone 
and may continue to grow for months before breaking. When 
one breaks it discharges either a thin liquid or pus and presents 
an ugly ragged appearance of a fibrous nature and sometimes 
bleeds profusely, It may partially heal up, then it will swell 
up and discharge, and lumps of tissue will slough away. 
Gradually becoming worse it eventually affects the teeth 
causing them to fall out and establishing an opening into the 
mouth, through which the food will drop out. There is no 
special treatment save to fatten the animal for the butcher — 
that is when the swelling is first noticed. After it has broken 
and discharged for some time the fiesh ought not to be used. 
Still destroying the animal is a humane act. 



126 Equine and Bovine 

PHRENITIS, INFLAMMATION OJ^' THE BRAIN. 

Inflammation of the brain usually results trom injuries to 
the head, or as the sequel of fevers caused by eating hot 
buckeyes; also from indigestion, from exposure to the hot sun, 
from extensive inflammations of tha ear, etc. 

Symptoms : — Sometimes an auimal suffering from inflamma- 
tion of the brain will appear stupid, pressing its head for a 
considerable time against a wall, fence or some stationary 
object, and occasionally running about wildly as if it were botJb 
drunk and blind. Others act as though seized with a fit of 
madness and act fiercely; the eyes are inflamed and staring — 
constantly watching. The animal in rushing about will fall 
down in almost any position. The breathing will be slow and 
the pulse strong and full at first, will gradually decline with 
throbbing of the temporal arteries. The disease generally 
occurs during the hot months. 

Treatment : — Give a brisk physic, 
Epsom Salts, twenty -tour ounces. 
Ginger, six drachms. 
Chloride of Sodium, six ounces. Mix. 

Put in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose. Bleed 
from the jugular vein, while the pulse is full, from one to two 
gallons. Apply ice-cold water to the head constantly. If the 
limbs are cold apply friction or some stimulating liniment and 
bandage. Give full doses of Aconite and Bromide of Potassium 
and as convalescence is taking place apply a good blister on 
the head back of the horns. 

GONORRHCEA, OR CLAP. 

This disease is not very frequently met with in veterinary 
practice, but sometimes occurs and is a source of considerable 
annoyance to both practitioner and patient. Bulls aud cows 
suffer considerably in passing water. The animal strains 
frequently and only a small quantity of urine at a time is 
passed ; the animal occasionally stamps its feet and lashes its 
tail from side to side; the bowels are constipated; if a bull, a 
swelling appears around the sheath; a discharge of matter, at 
first light in color and then assuming a thick white or yellowish 



Medicine and Surgery. 127 

white color, is seen dropping away; sometimes the penis swells 
up and becomes fiery red in color. 

Treatment : — As soon as noticed give a brisk physic : 

Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. 

Sulphate ot Soda, six ounces.^ 

Ginger, seven drachms. Mix. 
Give in a gallon of warm water. Bathe the parts well 
with hot water and into the affected parts inject hot water 
frequently, or inject the following : 

Iodoform, two drachms. 

Listorine^ six ounces. 

Water, tt;n ounces. Mix. 
Use three times a day and give the following : — 

Balsam Copaiba, two ounces. 

Tincture Cubebs, two ounces. 

Spirits of Camphor, two ounces. 

Tincture Kino, two ounces. 

Morphia, forty grains. Mix. 
Give tablespoonful three times a day. If chancres appear 
they should be touched with Lunar Caustic and afterward 
covered with Iodoform, twice daily. Cattle thus affected 
should not be bred until a complete cure is effected, as it is 
communicable to other animals. Great care should be used in 
thoroughly cleansing the hands, as the discharge is very 
poisonous. 

CATAKRH, OE COLD. 

This is a term used to denote an inflamed condition of the 
lining membrane of the nostrils, sinuses of the head and upper 
air passages; it may extend to the eyes and throat. The causes 
are changes of cHmate, sudden changes of weather, bad 
ventilation, deficient drainage, being turned from a warm stable 
out into a cold storm, etc., etc. 

Symptoms : — The lining membrane of the nostrils is at first 
reddened and dry, soon becoming moist with a thin watery 
discharge. The eye-lids become swollen and red and discharge 
a watery secretion, soon assuming a mattery appearance. The 
forehead and butts of the horns are very hot. The animal 
9 



128 Equine and Bovine 

snuffles and sneezes and sometimes coughs. The breathing is 
somewhat difficult. The animal occasionally shivers. Appetite 
and rumination are partly suspended. The urine is high-col- 
ored. Coat is rough and staring. Sometimes a light diarrhoea 
is present and later on a thick viscid discharge from the 
nostrils. 

Treatment : — Give as a mild laxative: 

Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. 

Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Gentian, one-half ounce. Mix. 
Give in a half gallon of warm water. Keep the patient in 
a comfortable place, blanket well and ieed on hot mashes. 
Give one of the following powders three times a day : 

Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Nitrate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Bicarbonate of Soda, one ounce. Mix. 
Make eight powders. Better still, give Scotch Compound. 
If the discharge becomes stopped before a favorable termination 
is reached, steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and 
add a little vinegar to the hot water. 

CHOKING. 

This is a common accident among cattle that are fed on 
such roots as turnips, carrots, potatoes, beets, etc., etc. In 
greedy eaters it is also caused whilst eating grain or chaff; 
in the hurry to eat, the food is not thoroughly mixed with 
saliva, and being swallowed about half dry, it frequently 
becomes lodged in the oesophagus. Choking also occurs from 
eating leather, clothing, etc., of which cattle frequently attempt 
to eat. 

Symptoms : — If the obstruction is high up in the throat or in 
the pharynx the animal will slaver considerably — the saliva 
running profusely from the mouth. There will be difficult 
breathing and much uneasiness. The head will be held low 
down with the nose straight out; sometimes attempts at 
coughing are made. The eyes are staring and blood-shot. If 
the obstruction is lower down the neck or within the chest the 
symptoms are not so severe. The breathing may be but little 
altered and the slavering greatly less and probably absent. If 



Medicine and Surgery. 129 

the animal attempts to drink and the obstruction is large the 




METHOD OF USINC4 THE PROBANG IN CHOKING. 

water will be ejected through the mouth and nostrils; but 



130 



Equine and Bovine 



if the obstruction is small it may pass by it and go to the 
stomach. Bloating is a prominent symptom — the left side will 
sometimes be greatly distended. 



Treatment : — If the obstruction is within the pharynx, 
place a gag in the mouth and remove it with the hand or with 
a pair of forceps. If you fail to withdraw it give a half pint 




SACCULAR DILITATION OF THE GULLET PROM USING BROOM-STICKS AND 
WHIP-HANDLES WHILE CHOKING. 

of sweet oil or melted lard; administer carefully and the 
obstruction may pass downward or be expelled in an attempt 
to cough. Should this fail or should the animal be in great 
distress, pass the probang immediately. This should be done 
as follows : Place a gag in the mouth and have an assistant 
hold it; then grease the probang and pass it slowly down the 
throat. When you come to the obstruction press heavily but 
slowly, and when it starts force it on in the stomach. If the 
obstruction is low down or within the chest, give six or eight 
ounces of sweet oil or melted lard, also a quart or two of water, 
and it will frequently pass on. If it does not, pass the 
probang; but do not attempt to force it down with sticks or 
whip-stalks as you are liable to produce great injury, by 
rupturing the oesophagus. When this occurs and inflammation 
sets in apply Scotch Oil to the side of the neck and give 
internally : 



Medicine and Surgery 



131 



Powdered Alum, one half ounce. 

Powdered Opium, three drachms. 

Warm Water, one pint. Mix. 
Give wine-glass lull three times a day. Feed on soft feed, 
allow drinking water at pleasure and fatten for the butcher, as 
there will always be more or less trouble. 

CHKONIC INDIGESTION. 

This is a disease of the fourth stomach and is caused by 
irregular feeding, bad ventilation, feeding innutritions and 
badly cured fodder, exposure to cold and rain, feeding on 
marsh grasses, etc. 




CHRONIC INDIGESTION. 

Symptoms: — At first the animal will have a whimsical ap- 
petite and eat irregularly; later on they will being eating dirt, 
tilth, dirty straw, manure, etc. The skin becomes harsh and 
dry, with a staring coat. The dung will be passed in small 
lumps which will be hard and dry and covered with mucous. 
The loss of flesh will be rapid and the creature at the flanks 
will look as thin as a sunfish. The blood becomes depleted, 
with pallor of the mucous membranes; and if the disease is 
allowed to progress diarrhoea will supervene and death will 
result. But if attended to in time a favorable termination 
may be look for. 

Treatment: — Put the animal in a comfortable place and 
give a mild laxative. 



132 



Equine and Bovine 



Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. 

Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Gentian, one-half ounce. 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, two ounces. 

Water, one quart. 




DROPPING OP THE CUD, OR INDIGESTION. 



Give at one dose, and afterwards give Scotch Compound. 
Feed on soft, nutritious food in small quantities, often repeated; 
or feed roots, as turnips, carrots, beets, etc., with a little lin- 
seed meal occasionally. Give plenty of fresh drinking water, 
with a teaspoonful of soda, three times a day. 

COLIC. 

This disease is seldom seen in cattle and when it occurs the 
animal is not very violently attacked. Compared with the 
same disease in the horse, tho symptoms are very mild. The 
animal will appear a little uneasy, stamp with its hind feet, 
twist its tail around from side to side, and possibly lie down 
and remain quiet; sometimes it will turn its head around to its 
side. The breathing and pulse will remain about normal. 

Treatment: — Administer a physic; the following will an- 
swer very well — 



Medicine and Surgery. 133 

Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. 

Powdered Ginger, one ounce. 

Gentian, one-halt ounce. 

Warm Beer, one quart. 

Warm Water, one quart. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Bathe the lower part of the abdomen 
with Scotch Oil and allow the animal to rest. If it still appears 
uneasy give the following — 

Tincture Opium, two ounces. 

Tincture Ginger, one ounce. 

Tincture Capsicum, one-hall ounce. 

Whiskey, one-half pint. Mix. 
Give at one dose, and, if the pains still continue, repeat 
.11 two hours. Afterwards give Scotch Compound to tone up 
the bowels. 

AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, OR SECOND 

STOMACH. 

The reticulum, or second stomach, of the ox is sometimes 
the seat of trouble. It is this stomach which presents a honey- 
combed appearance. The usual trouble here is the accumula- 
tion of foreign bodies — such as pins, nails, shoesoles, pieces of 
tin, wire, etc. — which cows are liable to pick up. Many of 
these articles find a resting place in the rumen, or first stomach, 
but some pass on into the second stomach. Needles or nails 
sometimes pierce the stomach and pass out to the ribs or 
on through the flesh and form an abscess, finally sloughing 
their way out of the animal's body. Others may pass forward 
through the diaphragm and pierce the heart, causing instant 
death. Others may pierce the walls of the stomach and excite 
an inflammation there; and they may be encased in tumors 
which have formed around them, there to remain for months 
or even years; or abscesses may form and break, assisting to 
destroy the life of the animal. It may not show any signs of 
illness and yet have within the stomach quite an accumulation 
of bits of iron, etc. But, if tumors and abscesses form, the 
animal will begin to loose flesh; an inter mittant diarrhoea will 
be noticed, with rough staring coat and yellow skin, full of 



134 Equine and Bovine 

dandrufi, impaired appetite, sunken eyes, and aversion to 
movement. The treatment is unsatisfactory, as the offending 
object is difficult to locate. All that can be done is to feed on 
good, soft, nutritious diet, and, if able to locate the irritating 
substance, operate and remove it. 

CONJUNCTIVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE 

EYES. 

Inflammation of the eyes arises from various causes, such 
as blows from sticks or stones, being struck with a whip, dirt 
or chaff getting into the eye, foul etables, exposure to cold, etc. 
Symptoms: — Swelling of the eye-lids, with water dropping 
from the inner corners; eye-lids closed most of the time; intol 
erance of light; impaired appetite; feverishness; conjunctiva 
swollen and red, with a whitish film covering the anterior por- 
tion of the eye-ball ; if from a bruise, red streaks of blood will 
be seen radiating from the seat of injury. 

Treatment: — If a foreign body is in the eye, remove it; 
bathe the eye well with hot water and apply Scotch Eye Lotion. 
If from other causes give a physic — 
Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. 
Ginger, one-half ounce. 
Foenugreec, one-half ounce. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Then bathe the eyes three or four times 
a day with hot water; feed on soft feed and apply twice daily, 
one of the following lotions. — 

Powdered Opium, one drachm. 
Hot Soft Water, six ounces. Mix. 
Or— 

Sulphate of Zinc, four grains. 
Water, two ounces. Mix. 
Or— 

Sulphate of Copper, four grains. 
Water, two ounces. Mix. 
Or— 

Sulph. Morphia, one grain. 
Cocoaine, one grain. 
Water, one ounce. Mix. 



Medicine and Surgery. 135 

Scotch Eye Lotion n«»ed according to direction^ is better 
than any of these. Keep the patient in a clean, dark, airy 
stable ; if at pasture, and only one eye is affected, bandage the 
affected eye. 

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OK STIFLE JOINT. 

Among cattle this is quite a common affection, usually 
resulting from slipping on the ice, or instables where the drop 




DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA. 



or receptacle for manure is very deep and the floors not well 
cleaned. 

Symptoms: — When once seen it will be readily recognized 
again. The animal can walk only on three legs; the stifled 
one will be dragged along behind and will be stiff and rigid. 
Where the patella should be, when in position, a hollow spot 
will be observed. There will be inability to flex the affected 
limb more or less swelling around the joint. 

Treatment: — Fasten a strap around the fetlock of the dis- 
abled leg, pass it forward, when the patella will often drop 
into place; if not, press forward on the bone (which is. always 
on the outside) and it will readily drop into place. Then apply 
a blister or Scotch Oil three times a day, until the ligaments 
are strengthened. 



136 



Equine and Bovine 



ENTEKITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 

Among cattle this disease is not very frequent, but when it 
does occur it is usually very tatal. The causes are obstruction 




ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 

of the bowels; feeding on musty hay; drinking ice-cold water; 
administration of powerful, irritating medicines; change of 
feed, etc. 

Symptoms: — The animal will be seized with colicky pains; 
will strike at the abdomen with the hind feet; suspension of 
appetite and rumination; pulse, at first full and hard, gradually 
growing quick, small and wiry; the animal lies down and rises 
up frequently; pain is constant; moaning; nose hot and dry; 
mucous membrane very red; anxious expression of counte- 
nance. 

Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable stall well 
bedded. If the disease is caused by obstruction of the bowels 
fijive a mild laxative — as a pint and a half of sweet oil, or a 
pound of sulphate of soda in halt a gallon of water. F'oUow 
up with drachm doses of powdered opium, to relieve the 
pain, or twenty-drop doses of fluid extract aconite, every thirty 
minutes until relief is obtsiined. Apply to the abdomen blankets 
wrung out of hot water and rub Scotch Oil on the abdomen and 
legs. Blanket well and feed on soft bran mashes for a few days, 
to relax the bowels. Avoid giving brisk purgatives as evil 
results are liable to follow their use. 



Medicine and Surgery. 137 

INFLA.MMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS. 

Inflammation of the liver is most frequently the result of 
high feeding in warm stables without sufficient exercise to keep 




FIT FROM INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 

the circulation of the blood active. The bowels become con- 
stipated and the liver suflfers from an extra amount of blood 
sent to it, causing congestion and resulting in inflammation. 

Symptoms: — When the liver is first attacked with congestion 
the animal exhibits no very distressing symptoms. But when 
inflammation sets in the pulse is slow and intermittent; res- 
piration slow; the mucous membranes are pale or tinged with 
yellow; bowels constipated; the dung harsh and black; urine 
high colored; coat staring, dry and hard to the touch; horns, 
ears and legs cold. On applying pressure to the right side, 
behind the last rib, the animal will evince pain and try to get 
away from you, and sometimes moan; you will also feel a hard 
tumor like substance. 

Treatment: — At the outset give a brisk cathartic — 
Epsom Salts, twenty ounces. 
Aloes, one ounce. 
Calomel, two drachms. 
Ginger, one ounce. Mix. 



138 



Equine and Bovine 



Give in a gallon of warm water at one dose. After the 
physic has operated, give, morning and evening for a week or 
ten days, in a pint of gruel, the following — 

Iodide of Potassium, one drachm. 

Calomel, twenty grains. 

Extract Taraxacum, two drachms. 

Nitrate ot Fotassum, two drachms. Mix. 
If the bowels become costive give a physic. When con- 
valescence is established great care in feeding should be ob- 
served. Give highly nutritious food in a limited amounts, 
and that which is easily digested — as scalded bran mash, lin- 
seed meal, boiled barley, turnips and choice clean hay. Some- 
times much benefit is derived from blisters applied on the 
right side. 

FITS FKOM EATING BUCKEYES, ((ESCUBIS HIPPO- 
CASTANUM). 

Buckeyes are nuts which grow on trees in a great many 
parts of this country. In the autumn, when thej^ fall to the 
ground, tbey are a source of great annoyance to the farmers 
who use forest pasture lands. Some cattle are particularly 




^^ r 



FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. 

fond of these nuts and eat them readily, seldom, however, 
eating them a second time if they eat many the first. When 



Medicine and Surgery. 139 

once observed the symptoms will never be forgotten. For a 
while the animal will appear dull and stupid; respirations 
natural; pulse, at first full and quick, gradually growing small, 
weak and rapid. When the animal attempts to walk it stag- 
gers around like a drunken man, striking all around with its 
torelegs and falling in almost any position as if in a fit. After 
lying a short time it gets up very awkwardly and may stand 
perfectly quiet; but, if forced to walk, it will stagger around 
until it either regains its balance or falls to the ground. The 
animal may lie perfectly quiet, stretched out on the ground 
for two or three days, and if relief is not obtained, death ends 
the scene. By pressure on the stomach you will generally 
feel the offending agents. There will be involuntary twitch 
ings of the muscles and grinding of the teeth. 

Treatment: — When first noticed give a brisk physic to ex- 
pel the buckeyes — 

Epsom Salts, twenty-four grains. 

Powdered Aloes, one ounce. 

Ginger, one ounce. Mix. 
Put in a gallon of water and giye at one dose. Give per 
rectum frequent injections of warm water. If within twenty- 
four hours the animal is not convalescent, rumenotomy should 
be performed (see Impaction of the Kumen); after which give 
one of the following powders three times a day — 

Bromide of Potassium, two ounces. 

Nitrate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Gentian, two ounces. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda, two ounces. Mix. 
Make twelve powder of this; or give Scotch Compound. 
Feed on soft feed — as bran mash, or linseed gruel. The balance 
of the herd should be moved to other pasture, or the nuts 
should be gathered and destroyed. 

IMPACTION OF THE OMASEEM, OK FARDEL- 
BOUND. 

Inipactiori of the manifolds, or third stomach of the ox, is 
sometimes met with; more especially when the cattle are 



140 



Equine and Bovine. 



poorly kept during the winter season and are feed on iti nutri- 
tious food, containing a great amount of woody fiber. Even 
soft, nutritious food, when thoroughly masticated, appears 




IMPACTION OF THE OMASEEM. 



very dry while passing through the manifolds of the third 
stomach. Consequently when the food is innutritious, dry, 
possessing a vast amount of woody fiber, it is liable to become 
impacted while passing through this stomach. 

Symptoms: — At first the animal may be uneasy, but this is 
only of short duration, as it soon grows dull and stupid, rest 
ing its head upon the manger or on other objects. The head 
is carried low down; appetite and rumination are suspended; 
if in a cow the flow of milk decreases; the tongue protrudes 
from the mouth; eyes are staring and blood-shot; colicky 
pains arise; the tail is switched from side to side. The first 
stomach sometimes fills up with gas; then the breathing is 
accelerated. The eyes are affected and will bear the touch of 
the finger without closing the lid. Sometimes the brain 
is affected, when the animal will rush around as though it 
were mad, fall down and struggle as if in a fit, when death 
puts an end to its misery. Sometimes the dung passed while 
the animal is straining will be thin and frequently blood and 
mucous are passed. The urine is high colored; pulse at first 
full and natural but gradually growing, weaker. The disease 
may last but a day, or it may continue for a week. 

Treatment: — Give a good, brisk cathartic, as the follow 
ing— 



Medicine and Surgery. 141 

Epsom Salts, two pounds. 

Calomel, two drachms. 

Gentian, one ounce. Mix. 
Give in half a gallon of warm beer. Follow this up with 
hourly injections of warm water and castile soap, as long as 
deemed advisable. Allow all the water an animal will drink, 
but allow no food nntil the bowels are moved by the physic. 
If the first stomach bloats up draw off the gas with a probang 
or trocar and canula. Rub the legs with some stimulant or 
with Scotch Oil. Blanket well to keep the body warm and 
give the following stimulant every two hours, in a quart of 
warm beer — 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, two ounces. 

Tincture Nux Yomica, two drachms. 

Tincture Ginger, one ounce. Mix. 
Never bleed in this disease as it is dangerous, even while 
the animal has a full pulse. Be careful after giving the first 
dose not to give any more physic for forty-eight hours. Then, 
if the bowels do not move, give half of the first dose. 

HIDE-BOUND. 

A great many diseases of the alimentary canal in cattle 
cause great depletion in flesh, whereby the skin assumes an 
unhealthy appearance; the cellular tissue loses its elasticity, 
and, to all appearance, the skin is fastened to the bone. Then 
the animal is said to be hide-bound, when, in reality, the 
disease exists in the alimentary canal, and the tightened ap- 
pearance of the skin is only a symptom of some other affec- 
tion, such as indigestion, diarrhoea, disease of the liver, or 
failure of the secretory glands in the intestines to perform their 
work. Some animals present a pinched-up, poor, unthrifty 
apperance, without any tendency to take on flesh. Such ani- 
mals may have some derangement of the system over which 
medicines would have no control and may be classed as worth- 
less, as you cannot make beef out of them, and they are use- 
less in the dairy. The treatment should be to find out the 
real cause of the trouble, which is generally in the alimentary 
canal, and if this is properly treated the skin will sodu assume 
a healthy appearance. But I know of no disease among the 
lower animals which could properly be called hide-bound. 



142 



Equine and Bovine 



IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN. 

This affection is quite common among cattle. It is caused 
by cattle eating too large quantities of food which they may 
paiticularly like and of which previously they may have been 
deprived. Cattle are particularly fond of clover, and if de- 




IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN. 






prived of it for some time, and then obtaining free access to it 
they are liable to eat so much that the stomach becomes so 
gorged that the muscular coats become partially paralyzed. 
Or cattle that have gained access to a large quantity of grain 
will devour a large amount of it, overloading the stomach and 
causing impaction with more or less tympanitis. 

Symptoms: — Usually, at first, the symptoms are not severe. 
The animal will appear dull, and, possibly, somewhat dis- 
tressed; bowels constipated; appetite and rumination sus- 
pended; nose dry and mouth hot; pulse full at first but 
growing gradually faster and weaker; horns, ears and legs 
grow cold; labored respiration; sometimes the animal will 
groan or grunt, and the breath be foetid or sour; paleness of 
the visible mucous membranes; if lying down the animal 
usually lies on the right side. By pressing the fingers on the 
contents of the stomach will be felt like a hard mass within it 
and will pit, upon pressure, leaving the indentions of the 
fingers there for some time. On percussion the resonant 



Medicine and Surgery. 143 

sound is absent, unless tympanitis supervenes; but if no gas is 
present, the doughy feel of the stomach remains. 

Treatment: — If there is tympanitis relieve by giving the 
following — 

Liquor Ammonia, one ounce. 

Tincture Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Water, one quart. Mix. 
Or, pass the hollow probang, or tap with the trocar and 
canula; after which give at one dose in a gallon of warm water 
the following — 

Epsom Salts, twenty-four hours. 

Ginger, one ounce. Mix. 

Give repeated injections of castile soap and warm water, 
and every two hours give the following — 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, two ounces. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Warm Beer, one quart. Mix. 

If the bowels fail to respond in from twenty- four to thirty" 
hours rumenotomy should be performed, as later the animal 
may become exhausted and unable to stand the operation. 
The operation should be performed as follows : First prepare 
yourself with the necessary instruments which consist of a 
scalpel or an ordinary sharp jack-knife, two pairs of hooks, 
needles, white silk thread of the heaviest kind, some clean 
white linen cloths, a sponge and a pail full of clean warm 
water. Next fasten the animal by ropes with the right side 
against the stall or fence; be sure to fasten it securely, so it 
cannot get away; have three or four assistants to hold it up 
and steady it. Commence the operation by making an incision 
through the skin midway between the last rib and the point of 
the hip, and about ^ve inches from the bones which protrude 
from the back (vertebrae). The incision should be downward 
and about eight inches in length. Then divide the muscles 
successively and cut through the peritoneum. Lastly the 
walls of the stomach should be divided about the centre; first 
make a small opening into the stomach; then secure the edges 
of the stomach with hooks and gradually pull it outward, while 
the incision is being lengthened both upward and downward, 
10 



J 44 Equine and Bovine 

but not to the extent of the external opening. The edges of 
the wound in the stomach should be drawn outward to cover 
the external wound so as not to tillow any of the food to fall 
into the abdominal cavity, as that would surely cause the 
death of the patient. The hand is then introduced and about 
three-fourths of the contents of the stomach removed, leaving 
about one-fourth behind, be careful not to leave any hard, dry 
lumps. You may then pour into the stomach through the 
opening the following — 

Epsom Salts, ten ounces. 

Warm Beer, one quart. 

Warm Water, one quart. Mix. 
Next wash off the wound and sew up the stomach with the 
uninterrupted suture, bringing the edges neatly together. 
Then stitch up the muscles in layers, taking deep stitches 
with the uninterrupted sutures. Lastly sew up the skin in 
tlie same manner. Immediately after apply the following 
ointment — 

Vaseline, four ounces. 

Iodoform, six drachms. Mix. 
Continue its use until the wound is healed, or use some 
other healing lotion. The food should be light and soft, of the 
most nutritious kind, and given in small quantities. If the 
wound heals except a small jopening scarify its edges and stitch 
them together again. 

PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

Inflammation of the lungs may have various causes, such 
as exposure to cold and damp; being kept in filthy, ill ventil- 
ated stables; a morbid condition of the blood — the lungs, in 
their endeavor to throw off its impurities, becoming altered 
in tissue with inflammation as the result; injuries, etc. 

Symptoms: — The disease is generally ushered in with a 
shivering chill, which is not always noticed, after which the 
animals appears dull and stiff, the skin is dry and harsh; 
coat staring; nose dry; mouth hot; pulse, at first full and 
strong — from fifty to sixty beats per minute — later becoming 
small, weak and. rapid; mucous membranes are red; slight 
cough; anxious countenance; breathing short, quick and 



Medicine and Surgery. 145 

chiefly abdominal, the chest and ribs being held, as much as 
possible, in a fixed position; bowels constipated; urine scant 
and high colored; patient lies down most of the time; dullness 
on percussion; on applying the ear to the sides of the chest 




INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 



no respiratory murmur will be heard over the affected part, 
but the unaffected portion will be heard with increased force; 
as the disease advances the legs and ears become cold, the 
breath becomes foetid and shorter, and an unfavorable termi- 
nation seems imminent. 

Treatment: — When first seen while yet the pulse is full 
bleed to the amount of two quarts; but, should the pulse be 
weak, do not bleed, and give every three or four hours, two 
ounces of the following, in a little water as a drench — 

Liq. Ammonia Acet., twelve ounces. 

Spirits Aeth. Nit, four ounces. 

Fluid Extract Aconite, two drachms. Mix. 
Also give the following powders every four or five honrs — 

Quinine Sulpb., three drachms. 

Dover's Powder, one ounce. Mix. 

Make into twelve powders. If the bowels are constipated 
give- 
Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. 
Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. 
Give in two quarts of warm water. Apply Scotch Oil 
freely to the sides of the chest; teed on soft feed; blanket 



146 Equine and Bovine 

well; allow the patient to breathe cold, fresh air and give 
plenty of fresh, cold water; if the limbs become cold rub them 
thoroughly with dilute alcohol and bandage. 

INYERSION OF THE BLADDER. 

Among cattle this is not a very common affliction, except 
during difficult labor. However it may occur from other 
causes, as administration of powerful diuretics; use of too 
much cantharides, either internally or externally ; any irritation 
of the bladder causing continuous straining. By violent 




INVERSION OF THE BLADDER. 



attempts to pass water, followed by continuous straining, the 
vagina is ruptured and the bladder is everted, when it appears 
as a red fluctuating tumor gradually filling with water, as it is 
unable to discharge its contents owing to the twisted condition 
of the neck of the bladder. 

Treatment :— Oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully 
replace the bladder; then draw off the urine and, while the 
catheter remains in position, inject a decoction of opium and 
warm water. Then, if possible stitch up the rupture in the 
vagina and allay the irritation and overcome the straining by 
giving dram doses of powdered Opium every hour until 
relieved; or you may give twelve-grain doses of Sulphate of 
Morphia until relieved. Afterwards give a physic : 



Medicine and Sijkgery 147 

Magnesia Sulph., twelve ounces. 

Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces. 

Ginger, six drachms. Mix. 
Give at one dose in a gallon of water. To assist in pre- 
venting the straining tie a rope or strap tightly around the 
body immediately over the loins. 

INVERSION OF THE YAGINA. 

With cows this is quite a common occurrence and is the 
result of difficult parturition, the animal receiving some injury 
therein; also is caused by tumors in the vagina or womb; 
straining after calving; retention of the placenta or afterbirth; 
swinging animals so the whole weight is upon the abdomen, 
etc. 

Treatment : — First ascertain the cause and, if possible, 
remove it; then oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully 
press the vagina into position; then wash it thoroughly with 
a decoction of opium. Place the animal in a stall, with the 
hind parts elevated fifteen or twenty inches above the front. 
Then apply a truss made of rope, fasten it around the neck 
and bring the ropes straight down along the back; pass one 
down on each side of the tail to the udder, and on each side 
between the udder and hind leg; fetch it up past the flank and 
tie it just over the loins to the rope coming down the back. 
Then make a few circles around the body and tie the ends of 
the rope securely. Thus you have the animal harnessed 
securely so that it cannot strain any, as the back will be kept 
in a straight line. Give twelve-grain doses of Morphia every 
hour until the attempts at straining cease; also inject every 
three or tour hours into the vagina a decoction of Opium. If 
the bowels become constipated give a mild physic and feed on 
soft nutritious food, with a teaspoonful of Scotch Compound 
twice a day. 

LEUCORRHCEA, OR WHITES. 

Leucorrhoea consists of a chronic discharge of muco-purulent 
matter from the raucous membranes of the vagina, and, not 
unfrequently, from those of the womb. Generally irritation 
of the organ followed by relaxation is the cause; but relaxation 
alone will produce it. Want of nutrition attended with 



148 Equine and Bovine 

debilitating influences is a frequent 'cause. Sometimes, to al! 
appearance, an animal will be healthy and yet afiected with 
leucorrhcea. On opening the lips of the vulva a sticky 
whitish or yellowish matter will be seen; quite frequently it 
runs out of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and 
surrounding parts. As the disease progresses the discharge 
emits an oftensive odor; pulse grows feeble; mucous membranes 
pale; appetite and rumination suspended; mouth clammy; 
gradual wasting of the whole system. Cattle afiected with 
leucorrhcea are quite frequently seeking a male companion, b:it 
seldom get with calf and it they do generally abort. 

Treatment : — Feed on soft nutritious diet with tonics and 
stimulants. Give twice daily four ounces of the following,, 
diluted with water : 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, four ounces. 
Spirits ^th. Nit, five ounces. 
Tincture Ginger, five ounces. 
Tincture Muriate of Iron, two ounces. 
Strychnia, two grains. Mix. 
Use as an injection per vaginum twice daily one of the 
following powders, dissolved in a quart of warm water : 
Permanganate of Potassium, one ounce. 
Chloride of Zinc, four drachms. Mix. 
Make into eight powders; previously wash out the vagina 
and womb to remove all matter. 

LICE. ' 

Cattle are affected by several kinds of lice but those chiefly 
met with are the small red Hce and the large gray ones which 
have black spots on their backs and sides. They are most 
frequently seen on poor debilitated cattle that are poorly fed 
and cared for. Their propagation is very rapid; when an 
animal becomes infested they are soon numbered by thousands- 
and the whole herd is speedily possessed by them. They may 
be speedily exterminated by the use of some of the following 
remedies : Take one pound of staves-acre seeds, soft water 
two gallons; place over the fire and simmer down to one 
gallon. Sponge the animal all over and repeat every third 



Medicine and Surc^ery. 



149 



day until three applications have been made. Or, take leaf 
tobacco one pound, water two gallons; boil thoroughly and 
apply every other day tor tour or five times. Or, take blue 
ointment and rub it back of the horns and down the back 
every third day for three applications; this is the most dan- 
gerous and the animal must be kept tied so it cannot lick 
itself ; also protect it from storms. If the staves-acre can be 
obtained it will be found to be the most efiective. 

PLEURISY. 

The term pleurisy is used to denote an inflammation of the 
membrane covering the heart and lungs, which is also the 
lining membrane of the chest. Sometimes pleurisy occurs in 
pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs on account of the 
proximity of this membrane to the lung tissue. Sometimes it 




PLEUKIST. 

occurs as a separate and independent disease. The causes are 
exposure to wet and cold; filthy stables; sudden change by 
being turned from warm stables into the cold ; injuries to the 
chest, etc. 

Symptoms: — The « animal appears dull and stiff", without 
desire to walk around. Fever is present from the beginning 
of the attack. The breathing is chiefly abdominal, the chest 
being held, as far as possible, in a fixed position. The patient 
seldom coughs as the act is very painful. The pulse is wiry, 
ranging about sixty beats per minute. The head is carried 
low with drooping ears. Appetite and rumination are 
suspended; nose dry; eyes about half closed. On applying 



150 Equine and Bovine 

tlie ear to the part affected a grating sound is heard, althongh 
the lungs give torth a healthy respiratory murmur; pressure 
between the ribs causes great pain sometimes causing the 
auimal to groan or grunt. While breathing inspiration is 
short, becomes painful, while the expiration is more easily 
jierformed and therefore lengthened. 

Treatment : — Put the animal in a good comfortable place 
and blanket well. Apply poultices of linseed meal to the 
chest; in its absence poultice freely with mustard. Give 
every two hours two ounces of the following mixture : 

Liq. Ammonia Acet., twelve ounces. 

Spirits ^th., four ounces. 

Fluid Extract Aconite, two drams. Mix. 
Regulate the bowels by giving a pint and a half of raw 
linseed oil and injections per rectum of warm water every two 
hours. Also give one of the following powders every six 
hours : 

Mtrate of Potassium, two ounces. 

Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. 

Iodide of Potassium, one ounce. Mix. 

Make into twelve powders. If it terminates in resolution 
the disease will last but a few days; but if it terminates in 
hydrothorax, or water in the chest, it may last some consid- 
erable time and require a different treatment. If there is 
much effusion into the chest it should be drawn off with a 
trocar and canula, The place to pass the trocar and canula 
is between the eighth and ninth ribs; after they are inserted 
withdraw the trocar and allow the canula to remain until all the 
fluid runs out, Sometimes bands of lymph plug up the canula; 
these should be removed with a long needle. After the fluid 
has all drained out remove the canula. Then administer 
tonics and stimulants to support the system. Give every six 
hours one of the following powders : 

Powdered Digitalis, six drachms. 

Nit. Potass., one and one-half ounces. 

Sulphate of Iron, two ounces. 

Powdered Nux Vomica, one ounce. Mix. 
Make eight powders. Give in a pint of warm beer. Also 



Medicine and Surgery. 151 

give twice a day dram doses ol Iodide of Potassium, with 
four ounces of brandy and a little water. Feed on soft 
nutritious diet. 

SOKE TEATS. 

Around the teats some cows are more tender than others. 
The skin is tender and easily cracked, forming open and 
indolent sores which are hard to heal. These sores may occur 
at any season of the year and are most commonly seen on 
cows which have just calved. Cow-pox is liable to break 
out on the teats at any time and to cause considerable 
annoyance^ It first forms a round blister which bursts and 
discharges a bluish liquid. It then scabs over with a thick 
crust which cracks open during milking, or comes loose around 



TEAT SYPHON. 



the edges; or comes ofi altogether, when it leaves a small 
depression in the structure ot the teat. It gives considerable 
annoyance to the milkman, as the sores frequently bleed and 
his hands become covered with matter, and blood frequently 
gets into the milk. When the teats are in this condition 
calves should not be allowed to suck as it aggravates the sores 
and tends to make the cows professional kickers. The 
following ointment will be found to be very beneficial, 
especially during the season of flies : 

Yaseline, two ounces. 

Carbolic Acid, one drachm. 

Iodoform, two drachms. Mix 
Apply twice daily; or, 

Yaseline, two ounces. 

Salicylic Acid, one drachm. 

Iodoform, one drachm. Mix. 
Apply twice daily, or use Scotch Ointment according to 
directions. Great care should be exercised in milking such 
animals and if badly affected the teat syphon should be used. 



152 Equine and Bovine 

MAMMITIS, OR INFAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 

Inflammation of the udder arises from many causes, such 
as, bruises, wounds, bites of insects and reptiles; allowing the 
animal to go unmilked for a day or so; taking cold; rheuma- 
tism and other fevers; being over-heated; allowing a 
superabundance of milk to remain in the udder previous to 
calving. The last-named is the most frequent cause among 
cattle of all ages; but especially with young cows which are 
having their first calf. 

Symptoms : — Inflammation of the udder may exist in a mild 
form for a few days and then subside, without any alarming 
symptoms beyond a slight increase in heat around the affected 
parts. But with the severe form there will be considerable 
fever and dullness. The animal will have a capricious appetite 
and rumination be partially suspended; bowels slightly 
constipated; the udder becomes very hot swollen and tender; 
milk will be decreased and sometimes totally suspended; skin 
covering the udder is very red and glistening; if only one or 
two quarters of the bag are afi*ected they will appear and feel 
like hard tumors and may continue swollen for some time. 
The operation of milking is performed with difiiculty on account 
of the painful condition of the udder. The milk from the 
affected quarters will be thick and curd-like and frequently 
streaked with blood. If not relieved suppuration takes place 
within the udder, the hardened parts becoming soft and 
discharging matter during the operation of milking; or the 
affected quarter may point and break externally, in which case 
its usefulness is generally gone forever. 

Treatment : — If properly attended to when first noticed 
mammitis will generally result satisfactorily. But if left 
unattended for some time the opposite state of aflairs is 
certain. Put the animal in a good dry comfortable place, free 
from drafts; and administer in a gallon of warm water the 
following : 

Magnesia Sulph., one pound. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Nitrate of Potassium, two drachms. Mix. 
Afterwards apply to the udder, for two hours at a time, 
fomentations of hot water; to each gallon of water used add 



Medicine and Surgery. 



153 



tour ouncas of powdered Sulphate of Iron. Immediately after 
bathing apply a Hop poultice as hot as can be borne; or a 
poultice of fried onions will do as well. Use a broad bandage 
and tie it up around the back to support the bag. If the 




BANDAGE FOR SUPPORTING THE UDDER. 

animal shows signs of high fever administer the following 
draught, every four or five hours : 

Liq. Ammonia Acet., four ounces. 

Fluid Ext. Aconite, fifteen drops. 

Spirits JEth. Mt. , one ounce. 

Water, one quart. Mix. 

Milk the patient frequently but if it causes much pain, 

insert the teat syphon. Occasionally rubbing the bag with 

Fluid Ext. Belladonna is frequently beneficial. If the udder 

still remains hard the following lotion will be found beneficial : 

Rectified Spirits, sixounces. 

Witch Hazel, eight ounces. 

Tincture Iodine, two ounces. Mix. 
Apply three times a day; or, better still, use Scotch Oil 
from the commencement of the attack until the end. If 
mortification sets in cut out that quarter of the bag and dress 
with the following : 

Yaseline, four ounces. 

Iodoform, five drachms. Mix. 
Apply thrice daily; or. 

Chloride of Zinc, two drachms. 

Water, one quart. Mix. 



154 Equine and Bovine 

Apply tkrice daily; or, 
Listorine, six ounces. 
Carbolic Acid, two drachms. 
Water, one pint. Mix. 
Apply frequently; or use Scotch Ointment. Feed on soft 
nutritious diet and keep as clean as possible. 

SPLEKIC APOPLEXY. 

This disease seldom occurs except among cattle which are 
fed for beef and fattened rapidly. It consists of a poisonous 
ferment created within the blood itself during an unnaturally 
plethoric condition of the system; and it is demonstrated by 
the extravasation of blood throughout the intestinal canal, 
brain, serous membranes, pericardium, etc., as found in post 
mortem examination. That it is poisonous is shown by the 
fact that dogs and pigs have died within a few hours after 
eating the flesh, and that men have died from cutting them- 
selves while skinning animals dead from this disease. 

Symptoms : — Great excitement; eyes staring; mucous 
membranes red; mouth hot and dry; urine and manure mixed 
with blood; colicky pains; breathing accelerated and short; 
pulse, from full and hard becomes quick and feeble and almost 
imperceptible. These symptoms are not always observed, as 
the disease is of such short duration; the animal may be left 
to all appearance perfectly well in the eveniug and found dead 
in the morning. 

Treatment : —When seen in the first stages give immedi- 
ately the following : 

Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. 

Chloride of Sodium, twelve ounces. 

Calomel, two drachms. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Warm Beer, two quarts; (or Warm Water, one gallon.) 
Mix. Constantly apply cold water or ice to the head and 
give every two hours the following : 

Carbonate of Ammonia, two drachms. 

Ginger, one drachm. 

Beer, one quart. Mix. 
Bleeding is sometimes beneficial. 



Medicine and Surgery. 155 

STKANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES, OR 
"GUT-TIE." 

This disease is seen only in steers and work oxen. When 
the animal is castrated the spermatic cord recedes and becomes 
adherent to the abdominal ring. The cord is united to the 
pelvic bones bj a told of peritoneum, which by pressure is 
sometimes ruptured and allows the gut to pass in and out and 
thus become strangulated. 

Symptoms : — The animal appears dull; colicky pains are 
present; appetite and rumination suspended; frequent strain 
ing with great effort, but nothing passed save a little mucus 
and possibly blood; pains become more violent and the animal 
kicks at its belly with the hind feet, lies down and quickly 
rises again; pulse small and quick; the animal points its nose 
to the affected side; moaning and grinding of the teeth 
frequently occur; pressure upon the right side causes great 
pain; the back is curved downward; administration of 
purgatives produces alarming symptoms. 

Treatment: — The only sure treatment is by operating. 
Place the animal with its left side against a stall and fasten 
there securely. Make an incision in the right side large 
enough to admit the hand. Pass the hand down to examine 
the abdominal rings and trace up the cord. When you come 
to the strangulation sever the adhesions of the cord and the 
intestine is then liberated. Draw out the cord and excise two 
or three inches, then return it, and treat as an ordinary wound 
by applying Scotch Ointment. 

WARBLES, OR GRUBS UNDER THE SKIN. 

• This is really no disease but simply the manner in which 
an insect, called the (Estrus Bovis, develops itself. During 
the warm months of summer this insect flies about and attacks 
3attle by piercing the skin and depositing an egg in the orifice. 
In the course of time a swelling is observed, caused by the 
deposition of lymph and the development of the larvge from 
the egg, which is in time discharged by the process of 
suppuration. It may fall upon the ground or in the stable. It 
the temperature is sufliciently warm to develop it, it puts 
forth wings and soon begins to deposit eggs for the continu- 
ance of its race in the manner already described. Sometimes 



156 Equine and Bovine. 

there are a number of these tumors that acquire the size of a 
butternut, and suppurate and discharge to such a degree that 
they call for treatment. This consists of pressing them out 
and usiiig some mild astringent lotion; the following will 
suffice : 

Zinc Sulphate, two drachms. 

Acetate of Lead, two drachms. 

Water, ten ounces. Mix. 
Apply twice daily. 

PAETURIENT APOPLEXY. 

This disease is seen in all breeds ol cattle and generally 
attacks cows which give large quantities of rich milk. It is 
seldom seen during the first, second or third calving period, 
but usually from that time on, and almost always in cows that 
are highly led and in good flesh. It usually occurs within 
three days after calving, and is very fatal — fully one-half of 
those attacked die. If recovery does result great care should 
be taken at the next time of calving as a recurrence of the 
attack at that time is frequent and generally proves fatal. 

Symptoms : — Usually between the first and third day after 
calving the cow will stand around dull and stupid; appetite, 
rumination and milk will be suspended — or only a slight flow 
of milk present; the cow walks as if weak across the back; 
staggers around shaking her head; as the disease advances 
she falls to the ground unable to rise again. She may rest 
in a recumbent position with her head carried around to her 
side, or she may lie stretched out upon her side with her head 
lying upon the ground. Sometimes the head is shaken viciously 
from side to side, endangering those about her and liable to 
break ofl her horns. Occasionally, but not often, a few kicks 
with the feet are given. The eyes become glassy and staring, 
soon growing insensible to the touch, with total blindness. 
Sometimes the eye-lids will quiver and jerk for some time. 
The pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower and 
feebler, gradually becoming almost imperceptible. The 
breathing, at first almost normal, becomes gradually slower, 
prolonged and difficult; and frequently a rattling sound is 
heard within the wind-pipe. At the commencement of the 



Medicine and Surgery. 



157 




PARTUBIENT APOPLEXY. 



158 Equine and Bovine 

attack the temperature will range from 103° to 104°F., and as 
the disease progresses will gradually sink to 3° or 4° below 
normal. At Hrst the bowels may appear loose, but soon 
become constipated, and the urine is usually retained within 
the bladder. 

Treatment: — I wish here to impress upon the reader's 
mind that to be successtnl in the treatment of parturient 
apoplexy demands persistent attendance until death has actually 
occurred. I have seen cases, where the owner considered 
treatment useless and momentarily looked tor death, make 
complete recovery. If the patient is seen when the pulse is 
still full and strong bleed to the amount of six quarts; but if 
the pulse is weak and the animal down, with the eyes insensible 
to light, do not bleed. As soon as possible give the following 
physic : 

Epsom Salts, twenty ounces. 

Calomel, one drachm. 

Croton Oil, twenty drops. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Warm Beer, one-half gallon. Mix. 

if the animal has become unconscious give very slowly as 
it is liable to run down the wind-pipe. Then draw away the 
urine by means ot a catheter; or by slipping the finger well- 
oiled into the neck of the bladder the urine will frequently be 
passed. Give injections of warm water every hour. Con- 
stantly apply rugs wrung out of hot water over the loins and 
apply ice-cold water or ice bags to the head, as the brain is 
badly congested. Frequently draw away the milk and keep 
the body and limbs warm by friction and blankets. Keep the 
animal in a postition as nearly erect as possible and give the 
following every two hours until recovery begins when the time 
should be lengthened : 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, eight ounces. 

Tincture Ginger, four ounces. 

Tincture Nux Vomica, two ounces. 

Tincture Gentian, six ounces. Mix. 

Give five ounces in a quart of warm beer. Prevention is 
the best and safest treatment for parturient apoplexy. When 



Medicjne and Surgery. 159 

an animal is known to be a heavy milker and is fleshy or 
plethoric in condition, she should be fed previous to calving 
on a laxative diet and but sparingly. The milk should be 
drawn away for ten days previous to calving; immediately 
after calving give the following drench : 

Sulphate of Magnesia, twelve ounces. 

Chloride of Sodium, two ounces. 

Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Foenugrec, one-half ounce. 

Water, one-half gallon. Mix. 
If these directions are followed you will not be troubled 
with parturient apoplexy. 



11 



Parturition and Pregnancy. 



PAKTURITION— ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. 

During parturition, from the earliest symptoms developed 
by the attempted expulsion of the foetus until the foetus and 
membranes are delivered, is called Labor. Symptoms of ap- 
proaching labor and the termination of the period of gestation 
are sometimes observed lor several days before the event 
transpires. One of the most important symptoms is enlarge- 




NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NORMAL LABOR. 

raent of the mammary glands -sometimes to such an extent 
that swellings, from the size of a saucer to that of a large 
plate, appear in front of the bag, also behind the bag up be- 
tween the hind legs to the lower part of the vulva. Later on, 
if pressure is applied to the teat, it yields a watery secretion 
which sometimes escapes unaided and accumulates around the 
lower part of the teat, forming a gum-like substance or wax. 
The vulva increases in size and its lining membrane becomes 
reddened; sometimes a whitish, glairy secretion is formed and 
discharged as a long, string}^, sticky substance hanging from 



162 



Equine and Bovine 



the vulva and sticking to the tail and legs. The croup, on 
either side of the tail, looks hollow and teels soft and pliable 
from relaxation of the broad ligaments. The back is some- 
what sprung downward, the abdomen distended and hanging 
low down. The animal walks about carefully and is some- 
what inclined to leave the balance of the herd. In mares 
swelling of the hind legs is frequently seen. As the time for 
the expulsion of the foetus draws nearer the animal has pains 
of a colicky nature; gets up and lies down frequently, and, if 
permitted, usually will seek a place of seclusion. As the un- 
easiness and pain increase the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, 
continues to dilate until the womb and vagina form one large 
continuous passage. The membranes are now observed ex- 




NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NORMAL PRESENTATION. 

ternally in the form of a water bag which on pressure is usually 
ruptured. The pains become more severe and frequent. The 
animal takes a full breath (as if preparatory to making a deep 
sigh), filling the lungs, and, holding it there for a time, brings 
the diaphragm and abdominal muscles into action to assist the 
uterus in the expulsion of the foetus. If the animal is standing 
it brings its four feet close together, arches its back, elevates 
the tail, and takes a deep inspiration, the same as if lying. 
These labor pains are continued for a time when the fore feet 
and head are observed to be passing. The spine of the foetus 
should be resting against the spine of the mother and the 
breast and abdomen against the lower part of the vulva. In 



Medicine and Surgery 163 

the mare, a lew more labor pains and all is over; but in the 
cow labor is more prolonged and an extra effort is made when 
the chest is forced through the vagina to the outer world. As 
soon as the young animal is born the umbilical cord is torn 
apart, and, it bleeding much, should be tied; but this is sel- 
dom necessary. The remaining fluid now escapes from the 
womb and is sometimes tinged with blood from the sudden 
separation of the membranes. Sometimes the foetus is deliv- 
ered encased in the membranes, the uterine passage being 
suflSciently large to admit it and the membranes very thick 
and strong. When such is the case the foetus sometimes rup- 
tures them when struggling, or the mother tears them apart 
with her teeth; if not speedily ruptured the young creature 
soon expires for want of air. After the young animal has been 
delivered the next act is to get rid of the foetal membranes — 
*'the after-birth." In the mare the placenta will have such 
delicate attachment that slight contractions of the womb, to- 
gether with the weight of the protruded part, cause speedy 
expulsion. But in the cow the placenta is not readily expelled; 
its attachment is by cotyloedons instead of villi, and the con 
tractions of the womb do not so readily detach them. There 
may be from forty to a hundred attachments and from four 
hours to three or four days are required before the membrane 
is expelled, and then it may have to be removed artificially. 
If the mother is not seen during the act of parturition, or for 
some time after, the after-birth may never be seen, as cows, 
and sometimes mares, devour it as soon as expelled. 

HYGIENE OF PKEGNANT ANIMALS. 

The measures for preservation of health in animals during 
pregnancy are those which should be observed generally with 
animals which are not pregnant, except a few extra precau- 
tions which should be taken in order that the mother may 
pass the periods of gestation and delivery in safety. "When an 
animal has been served by the male and has conceived she 
should not be allowed to associate with the male either in the 
stable or pasture, as attempts on the part of the male at coition 
and casual excitement on the part of the female may do con- 
siderable harm, and even produce abortion. With such ani- 
mals as are kept at work — as the mare — it is bad policy to 
work them very hard, especially after pregnancy is well ad- 



164 Equine and Bovine 

vanced. Great care should be taken not to put them in a posi- 
tion where their sides are apt to receive blows, such as from 
heavy wagon tongues, etc. Neither should they De pampered 
and nursed in a stall witliout exercise. The work should be 
slow, and if at all slippery, the mare should be well shod. 
They should not be used for saddle purposes, but, if used^ 
spurs should not be worn. Galloping, jumping, or in fact^ 
anything producing excitement should be avoided. Should 
the patient be a mare used exclusively for breeding purposes, 
she should have a box stall and a yard in which to exercise. 
It is not at all necessary to cease working a mare for the twa 
or three months previous to toaling; better to give slow, Hght 
work, so that they will have exercise up to the day of foaling. 
The food is a most important factor of success. Milch cows 
or working animals should be well fed as not only their appe- 
tite but their physical condition demands it. Some animals 
are prone to lay on flesh when pregnant; with such you should 
be very careful about feeding, as it may prove troublesome, 
especially if allowed to proceed to 'the extreme. It may retard 
the growth of the foetus, produce abortion, cause difficult par- 
turition, or give rise to some other serious trouble, which will 
be more likely to take place during the last few months of 
pregnancy than at first. The food should be clean, of good 
quality and easily digested. Damp, bulky, mouldy or fer- 
mentable food should be discarded, as evil results are nearly 
certain. Grazing is beneficial if the pasture is nutritious, if 
not supply the deficiency. The animals should be protected 
from foggy, damp or stormy weather. They should have all 
the clean pure water they desire, for when at liberty with free 
access to water they seldom drink much at a time. The water 
should not be too cold and ice water is to be strictly avoided. 
When animals are housed, strict cleanliness must be observed, 
and when near foaling time they should be placed in roomy 
box stalls. If one animal aborts and there are others preg- 
nant on the same farm, the one aborting should be removed 
as the excitement among:st the others is liable to produce 
similar results. The stall in which abortion took place should 
be white-washed and strewn with slacked lime to destroy the 
smell. Harsh or cruel treatment on the part of attendant or 
groom should be suppressed. Young animals, about to bring 
forth their first offspring^ should be handled very gently. 



Medicine and Surgery. 165 

Their udders and teats should be handled frequently, thus 
preventing aversion to suckling their young. As much as 
possible surgical operations and the administration of medi- 
cines should be avoided. Above all things avoid giving drastic 
purgatives, as the irritation they produce is apt to cause con- 
tractions of the womb, resulting in abortion, and endangering 
the life of the mother. The stables in which pregnant animals 
are kept should have floors as nearly level as possible, for if 
the incline is at all great, the gravid uterus pressing backward 
may cause eyersion of the vagina and abortion. The doors 
should be wide to prevent the animal's striking or crowding 
together its sides on entering or going out. 

(EDEMA IN PKEGNAKCY. 

In some of the coarser breeds of animals and, occasionally 
in some of the finer, during pregnancy swellings appear around 
the udder, extending forward as far as the breast and backward 
and upward as high as the vulva. The hind legs will begin 
swelling just above the hoof and the swelling will extend 
upward to the hocks or even to the groin. These swellings 
are serous or watery in character, diminish rapidly during 
exercise and increase upon rest. The disease is not of much 
consequence, being caused by deficient circulation occasioned 
by the pressure of the foetus upon the crural vessels. It is 
never seen in the cow as in her the circulation 
through the mammary veines is more complete than 
in the mare. In , mares it sometimes appears three or 
four months previous to foaling; but when at pasture where 
they can get regular exercise it rarely occurs. It depends very 
much upon the conformation and temperament of the individual 
animal as well as on season and hygienic management. No 
fear need be entertained, as it disappears in a few days after 
foaling. Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise. 
Or, bandaging, the application of a mild stimulating liniment, 
or scarification may'be resorted to. However this is very 
seldom necessary. 

• INYERSIOlSr OF THE WOMB. 

Inversion of the womb can only happen when the os uteri, 
(or mouth of the womb) is dilated. Consequently it happens 



166 



Equine and Bovine 



only shortly after parturition or during the act of parturition. 
It is liable to occur amongst all breeds and all classes of 
animals. Mares seldom suffer from it, though it is quite 
common among cattle. I cannot say whether or not it be from 
peculiar conformation, but some cows are more subject to this 
affection than others. The uterine ligaments of the cow are 
so extensive and elastic that a few extra efforts or labor pains 




INVERSION OF THE WOMB. 

after the foetus is expelled send the womb along with it, or 
shortly after. If inversion of the womb is thought probable, 
the animal should be watched and before the womb can be 
inverted a pessary should be introduced and the womb main- 
tained in its position. A truss should be used to prevent 
straining and the following drench should be given at one 
dose : 

Chloric Ether, one ounce. 

Tincture Opium, two ounces. 

Brandy, two ounces. 

Water, one pint. Mix. 
Previous to inserting the pessary remove all of the atter- 
irth. 

Should the womb be inverted and lying on the ground, or 
hanging from the animal as it stands, gather it on a clean linen 
sheet, remove all the membranes and wash it thoroughly with 
warm water, to which may be added a mild solution of 



Medicine and Surgery. 167 

Listorine. Then commence to replace it. Oil your hand 
thoroughly, then close your fist and place it in the hollow spot 
or centre of the womb. Press inward slowly and carefully. 
If the animal strains be very careful, for fear of rupturing the 
womb. Have your assistants press on the sides of the womb 
towards your arm. In this way the womb will be returned. 
This should be done as quickly as possible after inversion has 
taken place. As soon as the womb is replaced, insert a 
pessary and keep it there from tour to ten days. The pessary 
should be made of light wood, about twenty-two inches long 
and two inches thick, with the end inserted covered with a 
smooth oiled cloth and the outer end having a hole bored 
through it in which to pass a rope to hold the pessary in posi- 
tion. Fasten a truss made from rope around the 
patient; but do not fasten it too tight. Leave loose enough 
to allow the patient to get up and down. Feed on soft teed to 
prevent constipation and give Scotch Compound three times a 
day. It IS a rather difficult job to return the womb and 
maintain it in position. But be persistent in your work and 
your efforts will be crowned with success, at least if the patient 
is a cow. In mares fully three-fourths of the cases prove fatal. 

PKEMATURE LABOK PAINS. 

Premature labor pains frequently occur in the lower animals 
and are sometimes attended with considerable danger. Various 
things are supposed to cause them, some of which are exposure 
to cold rains; injuries; administration of certain drugs; feed- 
ing upon rye grasses, etc. I am inclined to believe that the 
quality and quantity of the food exerts upon the uterus a 
greater influence in producing premature labor pains than any 
thing else. Musty, mouldy, indigestible or fermentable food 
will cause derangement of the bowtls and, thnugh sympathy, 
involuntary contractions of the womb. Frozen food or ice- 
cold water acts similarly- The symptoms are similar to natural 
labor except that, in premature labor, the animal almost 
always strains while standing, while in normal labor the 
position may be either lying or standing and jrequently both 
positions are taken alternately while straining. During natural 
labor the mouth of the womb is open while, during premature 
pains, it is closed for a considerable length of time. The 



168 Equine and Bovine 

straining is intermittent and sometimes very forcible and, it 
not overcome, results in abortion. 

Treatment : — Give dram doses of Powdered Opium every 
hour until the straining stops; then give at one dose the 
following mild physic : 

Magnesia Sulph., twelve ounces. 
Ginger, one-half ounce. 
Water, two quarts. Mix. 
If this fails to act in thirty-six hours, repeat the dose. 

POST-LABOK PAINS. 

The painful sensa^tions of the womb after the expulsion of 
the foetus and secundines (which are frequently observed) are 
sometimes termed after-pains. They are due to contractions 
of the womb which continue for some time in order to reduce 
its volume and cast off the membranes. Thev are seldom 
seen after an easy delivery and, when they are seen, last but 
a short time. But when there is difficult or protracted labor 
the after-pains may last twenty-four or forty-eight hours; or, if 
some of the placental membranes are attached, the straining is 
liable to be prolonged. The animal will arch its back, contract 
the abdominal muscles and strain violently, as though trying 
to deliver another foetus. If retention of the membranes is 
the exciting cause, they should be removed at once, as other- 
wise the after-pains will be continued and result in inversion 
of the womb. After an exploration to discover the cause of 
the after-pains, and removal of the membranes, should you 
find any bruises or lesions of the vagina or womb, wash out 
thoroughly with warm water and afterwards with a fifty per 
cent, solution ot Permanganate of Potassium. Also give at 
one dose the following mild physic : 

Sulphate of Soda, twelve ounces. 

Ginger, one-half ounce. 

Warm Beer, one pint. Mix. 
Then apply a truss, such as is used for inversion of the 
womb. 



Medicine and Surgery. 



169 




AFTER PAINS. 



170 



Equine and Bovine 



POST-PAKTUM HEMOKRHACIE, OP FLOODHSTG. 

Bleeding from the womb, or "flooding," after abortion or 
after delivery at full term, occasionally occurs among domesti- 
cated animals and is very fatal. 

Causes : Injuries to the womb during expulsion of the 
foetus; premature removal of the placenta; partial adhesion of 
the placental membranes; feeble development of the uterine 
walls and insufficient contraction of the womb. If a slight 
dribbling stream is noticed, an examination of the vagma will 
probably reveal slight lesions there, which seldom do any 
harm. But if the blood issues forth in torrents and there are 




POST PAHTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. 



a quick weak pulse, pale mucous membranes, increasing 
prostration, staggering gait, chilliness of the surface, coldness 
of the limbs and breakinsj out of a cold clammy sweat, the 
bleeding is great and, if unrelieved, will terminate shortly in 
death. The treatment must be very prompt and effective or 
death will speedily follow. First, examine to ascertain the 
cause. If part of the membranes still adhere at once remove 
them; but do so carefully or you will increase the hemorrhage. 
Remove all clots of blood. Then apply cold water over the 
loins. Also dip your arm into cold water, insert it into the 
womb and move it around, which sometimes will induce 
contraction of the womb and thus stop the bleeding. If not, 
take a soft cloth or a sponge, dip into cold water, and insert in 
the womb; or inject cold water into the womb; or use injections 



Medicine and Surgery. 171 

of cold water and Per-chloride of Iron. If there is much 
prostration the following will prove very beneficial ; 

Brandy, one pint. 

Tinct. Per-chloride of Iron, four ounces. Mix. 
Give three ounces every two hours in a half pint of hot 
water as a drench, after which place the patient in a good 
comfortable stall, well bedded and teed on soft nutritious food. 

KETENTION OF THE PLACENTA, (AFTER-BIETH.) 

Beyond a certain period after the expulsion ot the foetus, 
the retention of the placenta or "after-birth" should be 
considered unnatural and to require some attention. With 
mares this seldom occurs, but in cows, owing to the peculiar 
attachment of the membranes, it is quite frequent. In the 
mare the placenta is attached by fine villi, which are easily 
detached and the placenta is only retained by abnormal 
adhesions. In the cow the placenta is attached by cotyledons 
varying from forty to one hundred in number, which are so 
constructed that entanglement of the membranes is liable to 
occur at any time after calving. From this peculiarity of 
construction abnormal adhesions are more frequent than in the 
mare. The natural mode ot expelling the placenta is by the 
contraction ot the womb, although I have seen cases where 
the womb had contracted and th6 os uteris or mouth of the 
womb, completely closed and the foetal envelopes, completely 
encased within the womb, and could only be removed by forcible 
dilatation of the os. But these are exceptional cases. The 
general rule, where there is retention ot the membranes, is 
that the womb will contract but its mouth will remain open 
with part of the membranes protruding through it. More 
frequently the membranes are visible, hanging down from the 
vulva. In the mare, the placenta, if not expelled by the 
efforts of nature, should not be allowed to remain undisturbed, 
but should be removed within twelve hours after foaling. 
With the cow danger is less imminent, and unless straining or 
hemorrhage are prominent symptoms, the placenta should not 
be disturbed for at least three days, during which time — if not 
detached naturally — decomposition is liable to occur. If this 
be the case it should be immediately removed or chronic 
inflammation of the womb and vagina may follow and leucor- 



172 Equine and Bovine. 

rhoea (or whites) be the result. When the placenta is not 
expelled shortly after calving the following may assist its 
removal : 

Gentian, one-half ounce. 

Ginger, one ounce. 

Fcenugrec, one ounce. 

Anise, one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda, one ounce. Mix. 
Make two powders and give morning and evening. After 
a lapse ot three days it is advipable to remove the placenta by 
a manual operation. First see that there are no abrasions of 
the skin on your hand or arm, through which absorption of 
putrid matter can take place and so lead to blood poisoning. 
Then grease your hand and arm and pass between the placenta 
and the walls of the womb. As you meet the cotyledons 
unfasten the membranes in the same manner in which you 
unbutton your coat; proceed to the next and so on until you 
have unfastened them all. Use gentle traction with the other 
hand all the time, as some of them will be detached by 
traction alone. When you have detached the placenta from 
all the cotyledons it will drop out easily. After the placenta 
is detached when there is a very foetid odor, wash out the 
womb thoroughly with a soft cloth and warm water to which 
may be added a dram of Permanganate of Potassium. Then 
feed on a nutritious diet, to which add a dessert spoonful of 
Scotch Compound morning and evening. In the mare take 
the same precautions before removing the placenta. Grease 
the arm thoroughly,' then pass the hand gently between the 
placenta and womb, separating the attachments slowly and 
carefully, using traction with the other hand. If the attach 
ments are very close or abnormally adhered break them down, 
when the placenta is easily removed. Keep her quiet for a 
time; feed soft tood to which add twice daily a spoonful of 
Scotch Compound. 

HEKNIA OF THE UTEKUS (OK WOMB.) 

This accident is not frequent though it sometimes occurs. 
During the eleven years of my practice I have worked 
extensively in obstetrical cases and have seen only five mares 
with hernia of the womb and not one cow. Hernia of the 



Medicine and Surgery. 



173 



womb consists of a breaking down or separation of the 
abdominal muscles through which the womb and contents pass 
until they come in contact with the skin, which, from its elastic 
nature, is carried down sometimes within fifteen to eighteen 
inches from the ground. The bag and teats are generally 
carried down with the skin and trequently form the lowest 
point of the tumor. The causes of uterine hernia are none 
too thoroughly understood, but that which seems to me the 
most reasonable supposition is that the uterine muscles become 
ruptured or relaxed, thus allowing the gravid uterus to rest 
entirely upon the abdominal muscles. These become 




HERNIA OF THE UTERUS (OR WOMB.) 

weakened from the abdominal strain, after which the energetic 
movements of the fcetus materially assist in forming the rent 
in the abdominal musctes. The first case of this description 
that I ever saw I was somewhat puzzled as the owner did 
not know whether the mare was in foal or not; and I was 
unable to ascertain any signs of life, though the mare presented 
the appearance of being with loal. I then determined upon 
exploring the tumor by inserting a small trocar and canula. In 



174: Equine and Bovine 

a moment the amniotic fluid began to escape and soon the 
foetus began to struggle. I immediately withdrew the canula 
and applied bandages. In about a mouth after I delivered 
her of a dead colt fully developed. The operation was rather 
difficult and the mare died in a few hours. A post mortem 
examination revealed a complete rupture or rather lacerations 
of the Oblique muscles as well as of the Rectus muscles and 
Linea Alba. Had the mare lived she would have been useless 
either for work or for breeding purposes. 

This accident seldom takes place until within the last twd 
months of pregnancy. When it befalls a cow I would 
recommend that she be fattened and sold to the butcher. 
But mares, which are not used for food and can be utilized in 
no way other than breeding or working, may be bred again. I 
have known one mare, which I was called to deliver on account 
of a wrong presentation, and which had a comparatively bad 
uterine hernia, to bring forth two living foals, entirely 
unassisted, during the next two years after my attending her. 
After this she was sold, left the neighborhood, and I lost 
trace of her. When females are found to be in this condition 
previous to time of delivery, they should be supported with 
broad bandages. At the time of delivery trouble should be 
anticipated and they should receive prompt attention. If unable 
to deliver spontaneously have a number of assistants to place 
a broad blanket under the abdomen and raise it up as high as 
possible. Then, should the presentation be the buttock, the 
operator should push it a little toward the side opposite to the 
legs and seize the hind legs, one at a time, and bring them 
into the natural passage. Fasten a quartei inch rope, well 
greased, around the pasterns separately. Then pull with 
considerable force, the assistants still holding up the abdomen, 
and you may expect a sate delivery, providing there are no 
malformations. If it be a head presentation, fasten a rope 
around the neck and lower jaw; then push the head in and to 
one side. Next endeavor to bring the front feet up into the 
natural passage, fasten a rope around the pasterns, then draw 
the head back between the front legs and pull. Use plenty of 
fresh hog's lard if the membranes are in the least dry, also 
have all ropes or straps well greased while using them to 
assist delivery. If you are unable to deliver in this position 
make a deep soft bed of straw and^ if the animal will lie down. 



Medicine and Surgery. I75 

aU the better. If she will not lie down herself, lay her down 
as easily as possible. Then secure her limbs to prevent her 

. V°^.i''i"''V^^ ^^y ^"^ ^^'' ^^^^' ^^^^ Pl^^ty of assistants 
to hold her there with her hind quarters raised higher than the 
tore. Have some handy assistant to try to reduce the tumor 
while the operator is trying to seize the parts which are most 
convenient. If there be a head or a breast presentation secure 
It m the manner prescribed before and, when everything is 
straight, apply traction and complete the delivery. " But in 
case you cannot deliver by the natural passage, and the colt is 
hving and would prove more valuable than the mother you 
can secure the animal and perform the Cesarean section 
which is to open the abdomen sufficiently to deliver the fcetus 
m that way, after which I believa it profitable to destroy the 
mare and raise the colt on cow's milk. But in the case of the 
cow you may stitch up the womb after removing the after- 
birth; then stitch up the integument (skin) and try to save her. 
It she lives, she should be fattened for slaughter. 

KUPTUEE OF THE PEEINEUM. 

Generally this accident is the result of difficult parturition 
though sometimes it is caused by unruly staUions. As a result 
of parturition rupture of the vagina is a frequent occurrence 
and sometimes we meet with rupture of the perineum and 
rectum combined. In other cases the perineum may be ruptured 
and the sphincter muscles undisturbed; while in some cases 
the rupture will extend clear out, severing the sphincter 
muscles. If the foetus be not in a natural position, the uterine 
contractions driving it backward may force the limbs or head 
may be forced through the perineum and be presented at the 
anal opening. If assistance is not at hand and the parts 
presenting are not returned and placed in the proper channel 
the expulsive efforts of the mother will cause them to tear the 
perineum and sphincter muscles asunder and thus deliver the 
foetus,— sometimes dead and sometimes living— but leaving an 
unsightly appearance, as the vagina and rectum are one 
continuous sht. The results vary, owing considerably to the 
extent of the injury.^ If the laceration is not great no serious 
results need be anticipated. But if the laceration be great and 
the sphmcter be torn through, a suppurative inflammation 
may occur with a continuous discharge of pus, smearing the 



176 Equine and Bovine ' 

tail and legs and causing the animal to present an unsightly 
appearance. Others seem to experience no inconvenience, a 
partial recovery takes place, the animal appears perfectly 
healthy, may breed again and bring forth its progeny without 
any evil results. 

Treatment :— Trim off evenly the lacerated margins, 
bringing them together with the cat-gut suture, using the 
interrupted stitch. Then introduce a tampon or plug into the 
vagina to support the septum during defecation. Apply cold 
water frequently to keep down the inflammation and twice 
daily use the following dressing all along the laceration : 

Vaseline, four ounces. 

Carbolic Acid, two drachms. Mix. 
Should the stitches tear out you may replace them a second 
or third time. After that it will be useless. While the stitches 
are intact place the animal in a narrow stall to prevent her 
lying down. If there is much bleeding when the laceration 
occurs, arrest it with cold water; if that fails, apply Tinct. 
Per-sulphide of Iron. Feed on soft, sloppy food, and give 
frequent injections of pure water, to soften the dung and thus 
relieve the strain on the perineum. 

METPwO-PEEITONITIS, OK Il^FLAMMATION OF THE 
WOMB AND PEKITOlSrEUM. 

This disease affects animals of all ages and results from 
difficult parturition, retention of the foetal membranes, inver- 
sion of the womb, exposure to wet and cold, drinking ice-cold 
water, etc. 

Symptoms : — The disease may occur from within a few 
hours after parturition up to the fifth or sixth day. At first 
the animal will appear dull with loss of appetite; visible 
mucous membranes injected (red); secretion of milk diminished; 
pulse quick, full and hard; bowels constipated; urine diminished 
in quantity; colicky pains are present, manifested by frequently 
lying down and getting up until lying down becomes too pain- 
ful, from the pressure of the abdominal muscles on the womb; 
striking at the belly with the hind feet; pointing with the nose 
at the fianks; respiration accelerated; abdomen tucked up. 
As the disease advances the pulse grows small, feeble and 



Medicine and Surgery. 177 

wiry; the animal becomes insensible of objects around her and 
plunges about with great violence; death shortly follows. 

Treatment : — First examine the womb. If any of the 
membranes adhere they should be removed at once. Wash 
the womb out thoroughly with warm water, to which add a 
little Carbolic Acid — one part of acid to forty of water. This 
should be repeated twice daily. If the bowels are constipated 
and the patient is a mare give the fallowing physic at one 
dose in half a pint of water as a drench : 

Aloes, one ounce. 
Calomel, one drachm. 
Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. 

For the same condition in a cow give at one dose in a gal- 
lon of water, the following — 

Magnesia Sulph, twenty ounces. 
Calomel, two drachms. 
Ginger, one ounce. Mix. 

After which give every four or five hours one of the follow- 
ing powders — 

Quinine Sulph, four drachms. 
Salicylic Acid, four drachms. Mix. 

Make into six powders. Or the following, given every four 
hours, will be found beneficial — 

Liq. Ammonia Acetate, three ounces. 

Fluid Ext. Aconite, twenty drops. Mix. 
It the animal's temperature remains high, place a sheet, 
wet with cold water, around the body and keep wetting it with 
a sprinkling can for an hour, after which rub the animal dry 
and place warm dry blankets over it. When convalescence 
has occurred good food and tonics should be administered. 
Give one of the following powders three times a day — 

Powdered Sulphate of Iron, one and one-half ounces. 

Nux Vomica, two ounces. 

Ging'er, one ounce. 

Potass. Nit., one and one half ounces. Mix. 
Divide into sixteen powders. While the pain is very 
severe the application of mustard to the abdomen is very bene- 



178 Equine and Bovine 

ficial. After the disease has abated, if there is a chronic dis- 
charge from the womb, the treatment given for Leucorrhcea 
will suffice. The person examining the womb should be very 
careful and see that there are no fresh sores on his hands or 
arms and grease them thoroughly to prevent inuoculation and 
blood poisoning. 

UMBILICAL HEMORKHAGE, OR BLEEDING FROM 
THE NAYEL. 

Bleeding from the umbilical cord, of an alarming nature, 
is not a very common accident, nevertheless it sometimes 
occurs and occasionally so profusely as to cause death. It 
generally happens immediately after birth or within a short 
period afterwards and may continue for some time in small 
quantities, but sufficient to produce great debility. The bleed- 
ing is generally caused by the cord's being cut or broken off 
too close to the abdomen; it may be due to a varicose condi- 
tion of the cord. Sometimes, after the cord is tied, when 
sufficiently long enough to admit of it, the mother will nip it 
off closer and so induce bleeding. 

Teeatment:— When the bleeding is slight and not likely to 
be continued, little or no treatment is required. If possible, 
seize the cord and tie; if not, apply tannic acid, alum, or per- 
chloride of iron and bandage, after placing some cotton batting 
saturated with Monsell's solution of iron upon the cord. • Or 
you may take a needle and thread and pass it throagh the skin 
on both sides of the cord, then tie it tightly and you will com- 
pletely close the opening, but in doing this be careful not to 
penetrate or include the intestines. 

PERSISTENCE OF THE URACHUS, OR URINE PASS- 
ING FROM THE NAYEL. 

What is understood by the urachus is the canal formed by 
the middle portion of the atlantois, which passes through the 
umbilical ring and communicates with the bladder and through 
which the urine is conveyed to the atlantoid sack, during foetal 
life. After birth the urachus should become obhterated ^ and 
the bladder should be retracted and further developed within 
the pelvic cavity, the urine then passing through the natural 



Medicine and Surgery 179 

channel. It sometimes happens the urachus does not close up 
and disappear and the urine is passed through the naval. It 
mQTe frequently occurs in males than in females. In the latter 
it generally comes by drops and quite frequently ceases spon- 
taneously, while in the male it usually runs in a stream and is 
more dangerous. 

Treatment: — In a great many cases no treatment is re- 
quired, the escape of urine ceasing in a few days after birth; 
but, where treatment is demanded, a cure can usually be 
effected. If the urachus is sufficiently long, seize it and tie it. 
If this cannot be done, grasp the cord between the thumb and 
fingers and raise it up; then pass a stitch in a circle clear 
around the cord and tie it tight. The urachus is then closed. 
Eut be careful not to gather any more skin than is actually ne- 
cessary into the stitch. If the urethra, or natural channel for 
the urine to pass by, is not opened, get the longest human 
•catheter obtainable and pass it to open the channeh 

UMBILICAL HERNIA, OR RURTURE OF THE 
NAVEL. 

Rupture of the navel is most frequently congenital, although 
it sometimes occurs two or three months after birth, when it 
would be called accidental hernia. A small round tumor, sit- 
uated at the navel opening and varying in size from that of a 
bird's egg to that of a goose egg or even larger, is observed. 
It is usually soft and fluctuating and easily reduced within^ the 
•abdominal cavity by manipulation with the fingers, just as 
readily returning when the hand is removed. Sometimes it 
presents a doughy or hard appearance, when probably the in- 
testines within the sack are filled with alimentary matter. 
When . the intestines are returned the opening will present a 
•circular or elliptical shape and around the edges it will be tense 
and hard to the touch. 

Treatment: — In a great majority of cases when the tumor 
is not very large, if allowed to remain undisturbed, nature will 
bring about a complete cure varying in time from three months 
to three years of age. I have applied a broad bandage with 
very gratifying results and would reccommend it strongly. 
Oonstriction of the tumor is an excellent method of effecting a 
cure. First cast the animal and secure it firmly, place it on its 



180 Equine and Bovine 

back and maintain it in that position. Then manipulate the 
tumor until the intestines are returned to the abdominal cavity. 
Next grasp the skin over the tumor and raise it up as far as 
you can stretch it and fasten a pair of clamps as close to the 
abdomen as possible. Fasten them tightly. Then put a. 
couple of wooden pegs through the skin, protruding beyond 
the clamp, to keep it from slipping off when the animal is 
standing. In this way you set up an adhesive inflammation^ 
forming a plug filling up the opening by the time the clamp- 
sloughs off. Some practitioners reccommend the application 
of nitric acid to the tumor and report good results; but I have 
never tried it. But to inject into the sub-cutaneous connective 
tissue a few drops of salt water, around the rapture, will, in a 
great many cases, through irritation set up a healthy inflam- 
mation, throwing out a plastic substance, filling the cavity,, 
thus forcing the intestines back within the abdominal cavity 
and completely plugging up the opening. This operation can 
be done with the ordinary hypodermic syringe, care being 
taken not to insert it too deep. 

EETENTION OJ^' THE MECONIUM, OR CONSTIPA- 
TION SHOETLY AFTER BIRTH. 

The contents of the intestines previous to brith are called 
Meconium. This is generally expelled immediately after birth ;, 
but when it is retained for any length of time serious results 
follow if left unrelieved. This occurs, perhaps, more fre- 
quently with the colt than with any other animal, but occa- 
sionally happens with calves. It generally occurs in animals 
that are weakly and not thoroughly developed. It is gener- 
ally caused by the mother's being fed on dry fodder for a 
length of time or by her milk being thin and not rich in those 
purgative elements so necessary for the newly born animal. 
Hence it is generally seen in those colts and calves tliat come 
in the winter and early spring, previous to the mother being 
turned out to pasture. 

Symptoms: — Within a tew days after birth the little animal 
appears uneasy and refuses to suck; shows symptoms of colic, 
lies down and rolls arfiund, occasionally looking toward the- 
abdomen; when standing, the back is arched aud attempts ta 
pass man are and water are frequent; pulse and respirations 



Medicine and Surgery. 181 

are frequent and sometimes the respiration is labored; the 
eyes are injected (red); grinding of the teeth is a frequent 
symptom. 

Treatment: — The proper treatment is to attend to the feed 
and condition of the mother previous to parturition. The diet 
should be soft and nutritious. Immediately after birth the 
young animal should be fed the iirst milk the mother gives as 
it contains purgative elements so necessary for the moving of 
the bowels. If the bowels do not move, remove all the foecal 
matter you can with the oiled finger, after which give frequent 
injections of warm water and castile soap, or injections of oil. 
Feed the mother on a soft sloppy diet, to which may be added 
a mild physic. Should the bowels fail to respond, give two 
ounces of castor oil, to which you may add a desert spoonful 
of brandy with a little sweetened water; or you may give 
every two or three hours two ounces of cod liver oil with a 
little brandy and a little sweetened water. Keep the little 
creature warm with blankets, rub the limbs with dilute alcohol 
and bandage. 

PEESENTATIONS AND POSITIONS OF THE FCETUS. 

We have before spoken of normanal parturition, where the 
foetus was presented in a natural position and the mother had 
power to expel it. We will now consider the various presen- 
tations and positions of the foetus during parturition. They 
should be well studied, as the different modes of delivery are 
of much importance practically to the obstetrician. When we 
remember that during gestation the foetus in the womb assumes 
so many different positions, it is not surprising that in de- 
livery so many different presentations occur. Notwithstanding 
there is supposed to be some agency or influence to induce the 
foetus to assume a natural position and presentation at delivery 
this is not always the case; and, instead of the foetus being in 
a favorable position, it frequently requires assistance to change 
the false position assumed by the young animal at the termina- 
tion of gestation. 

What i^ understood by presentation is that part of the 
foetus which presents itself first at the pelvic inlet, or that part 
of the foetus which the hand of the operator touches when 
making an examination as to position— which may be the head. 



182 Equine and Bovine 

forefeet, hoclss, breast, abdomen, sides, etc. Presentation 
may vary exceedingly as any part of the foetus may occupy the 
space at the mouth of the womb. I will condense and simplily 
as far as possibly, the description of these presentations and 
positions, in order not to confuse the mind of the reader. 

Presentations may be grouped in four classes, viz. : Ante- 
rior Presentation, when the head, neck, chest, forefeet or fore- 
limbs are presented; 9Jioulder and Loin Presentation, when 
any portion of the body is presented, as the shoulder, withers, 
back, loins or haunches; Breast and Abdominal Presentation, 
in which, the limbs are most frequently felt first, possibly all 
four feet, or only three of them, and sometimes only one; 
Posterior Presentation, in which the breech or croup is facing 
the inlet and the presence of the limbs there only constitutes a 
different position. 

The different positions in which a foetus may be found 
with any of these presentations are numerous. For instance, 
with Anterior Presentation the withers or the foetus may rest 
against the spine of the mother, and the breast against the 
lower part of the pelvis; or it may be just the reverse; or the 
foetus may be lying on its right or left side, when its ribs 
would rest against the mother's spine and against the lower 
part of her pelvis, the breast facing either the right or leit 
ileum, and the withers the opposite; the head may deviate to 
the right or left; one limb may be retained, or crossed over 
the neck; or both limbs may be retained, etc. 

AJSTTEKIOK PRESENTATION. 

This is the only natural presentation of the foetus, and in 
this presentation the different positions of the young creature 
frequently require the aid of art to complete the delivery. But 
when the presentation is natural and nature has brought about 
the necessary changes in the generative organs of the mother, 
delivery is comparatively easy and successful. In this position 
the foetus at the inlet should present the fore feet first with the 
head lying upon or between them, the withers toward the 
spine of the mother, and the breast resting upon the pubes. 
When the foetus is found in this position, it should be left un- 
disturbed for a time, as the contraction of the womb gradually 
increase in force. The abdominal muscles are now brought 



Medicine and Surgery. 



183 



into play, the animal makes a few extra efforts, and, generally, 
the foetus is expelled. But, if the mother is laboring hard and 
the progress is very slow, man's intervention is necessary. 
You should then seize the young animal by the forelegs, and. 




AN7ERI0B PRESENTATION. 

at each succeeding labor pain, use traction until the little 
creature is born. In using traction, always pull outward and 
downward toward the mother's heels. Immediately after the 
birth, tie up the navel about three inches from the abdomen. 
Then allow the mother to have care of her young. 

FOKE LIMB CROSSED OYER THE NECK. 

Ifis not at all uncommon to find colts and calves in this 
position, and delivery very much retarded or incomplete with- 
out assitance. Though I have no doubt that delivery has been 
completed in this position without assistance, Uhe cases where 
the mother has not been more or less lacerated are exceptional. 
In this position, instead of the shoulders being lodged in the 
hollow space along the side of the neck, they are held back 
along the side of the chest, increasing the transverse diameter 
as it enters the pelvic inlet, instead of diminishing it. thus 
retarding the delivery. But if the limbs are crossed over the 



184 



Equine and Bovine 



neck up at the poll it is still more dangerous. In all complica- 
tions tending to retard delivery the mother becomes more excited 
and the labor pains more violent and irregular. Then with 
the limbs crossed at the poll, the feet are pushed against the 
roof of the vagina, causing laceration of that part Sometimes 
they are pushed through the roof of the vagina into the rec- 
tum, producing a rupture of the perineum. In the more favor- 
able cases the limbs are crossed far enough over the neck to 
allow the knee to become flexed, turning the feet downward. 
There is then but little danger of rupture of the perineum, but 
the labor is protracted and severe and certain to result in con- 




FORE LIMBS CROSSED OVER THE NECK. 

tusions of the vagina, to a greater or less extent. This position 
is frequently recognized before an examination is made. If 
the fore feet are seen pressing against the roof of the vagina 
at the outlet, the probabilities are that both legs are crossed 
over the neck. If only one foot is seen pressing the roof of 
the vagina, or if both feet are observed on one side of the head, 
the one leg shorter than the other, only one leg is crossed. If 
only one leg is crossed it may be placed in position without much 



Medicine and Surgery. 185 

difficulty and without the trouble of pressing the foetus back into 
the uterine cavity. Seize the leg above the fetlock, raise it up 
and draw it to its proper side; then place one hand on the 
head of the foetus and hold it firm, with the other hand extend 
the leg forcibly, when it will readily straighten out into posi- 
tion. Delivery may then take place without help, or a little 
help with the head and limbs may be beneficial. When both 
fore limbs are crossed over the head the case is more difficult 
to handle. If the feet are visible, fasten a half inch rope to 
each separately, then force the foetus back within the womb by 
pressing upon the head. Then the operator should place the 
feet tD their proper sides, if possible. If he cannot do this, 
bring the ropes to their proper sides, and, while the operator 
holds the head back firmly, let an assistant pull the rope oq 
one side until that limb is brought into position. Then take 
hold of the other rope and fetch that into position. Then place 
the head straight in a line above and between the limbs, and 
delivery will be effected with but little help. 

FOKE LIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. 

In this position the difficulty, as a rule, is easily overcome. 
When the labor pains first commence, if the feet are not lifted 
high enough to enter the pelvic cavity, they become lodged 
against the lower border of the pubes; and, as labor pro- 
gresses, the head is forced onward, the feet being retained, 
the fore legs become flexed at the knees and there they remain 
with the knees pressing up against the lower part of the 
neck. If on examination is made before labor has progressed 
any length of time, the nose and knees will be felt at the same 
time. But if labor has progressed any length of time, the head 
will be forced farther out. Then the operator on exploring, 
will first came in contact with the head, for sometimes it is 
advanced in the passage even as far as the out-let. The object 
now to be obtained is to straighten the forelegs, in order to 
complete the delivery, as the vertical diameter of the pelvis 
will not admit of delivery with the fore limbs beneath the 
breast. The operator will have but little difficulty, if called 
early enough, or before the head has passed any great distance 
into the vagina. If the head has made but little progress, the 
operator, upon examination, will feel the knees as readily as 
the head. While ascertaining the position of the legs you "will 



186 



Equine and Bovine 



almost always find that one has greater liberty than the other, 
and, if seized by the fetlock, can be thrown easily into its 
natural position. Then seize the other leg just below the knee 
raise it up with the lower part ol the hand, while pressing 
backward with the upper part of the hand, and that leg can be 
brought easily into position. Use the right hand to handle 
the left fore leg, and the left hand for the right fore leg. If the 




PORE LIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. 

head has been forced well into the passage or presented be- 
yond the outlet, the case will have to be handled differently. 
First fasten a small, well greased rope around the neck, then 
grasp the head, and, during the intervals between the labor 
pains, force it back into the womb. Then grasp the legs sep- 
arately below the knee and raise them up, pressing backward 
at the knee and forward further down the leg, and in this way 
bring them into position. If they cannot be brought up in this 
manner, fasten a small rope around the fetlock of each leg, 
then bring them into position separately. The operator must 
take hold of the knee and force it back into the womb while an 



Medicine and Surgery. 187 

assistant draws on the rope. Id this manner you will force the 
leg upward and outward, into the proper position. Then fetch 
the other limb up in the same manner. If the head is pre- 
sented beyond the outlet and the little creature is dead, the 
only thing to be looked after is the preservation of the mother. 
First cut off the head close to the skull, then cut a hole through 
the skin and flesh about six inches back on the top of the neck 
and guide the knife so as to pierce between the first two bones 
of the neck. Then pass a small rope through the first bone of 
the neck and through the opening and tie it. You then have 
a hold that will stand a pull. You must then force the foetus 
back into the womb, raise the fore feet as described, fetch the 
neck into position and deliver. 

If the colt or calf is lying upon its back with the legs turned 
upward within the womb, it will be impossible to extract it in 
that position. It must be turned which will prove a difficult 
task. In this position a great deal depends upon the judgment 
of the operator. If the mother is lying down the hind parts 
should be raised higher than the fore quarters. Seize the 
foetus and fasten a small rope around each fore fetlock and 
another around the jaws. Then, if the foetus is slightly turned 
to the left, let the operator pass his right hand under the left 
shoulder. Have the rope attached to the right leg pass out on 
the left side of the head. Thep, at each labor pain, draw 
tightly upon the rope, and with the hand under the shoulder, 
raise up with a rotary movement. In the course of time you 
will completely turn the little creature around to a proper posi- 
tion. Proceed in a manner precisely the reverse if the foetus 
is turned to the right. When the proper position is gained, 
delivery will be easy. If the mother can be kept in a standing 
position the foetus can be much more easily handled. 

FORE LEGS COMPLETELY RETAmED. 

The complete retention of one or both of the fore legs of 
the foetus within the womb with head presentation is fre- 
quently met with in veterinary practice. With the mare 
the case is somewhat serious, the colt usually dying before 
dehvery is completed. But with the cow the danger is not 
so great; the calf, in all probability will be delivered alive. 
The position is, no doubt, assumed during birth in the same 



188 



Equine and Bovine. 



manner as knee flexion. It is possible for the loetus to be de- 
livered in this position, but it would have to be very small, and 
the vagina of the mother very large and roomy. This position 
is more frequently seen in the colt than in the calf, a fact 
probably due to its having much longer legs. In making an 
exploring examination, to determine the true position, the 
hand will touch first the head, sometimes at the inlet, at others 
further outward within the vaginal passage. If both limbs 




ONE FORE LIMB COMPLETELY RETAINED. 

are completely retained, the head may be forced well into the 
vaginal canal or even to the outlet at each labor pain, but 
retracting immediately after each pain ceases. Sometimes it 
is with the greatest difficulty that the fore legs are reached, 
owing to the vast dimensions of the womb, although the arm 
may be introduced without trouble. When the legs can be 
felt they are usually lying immediately under the abdomen 
or beside the chest and flanks. The main object now is to 
reach the legs with the hand and bring them forward to the 
knee position first. In order to do this it may be necessary 



Medicine and Surgery. 



189 



to force the head back within the womb. It so, first place a 
rope around the neck and lower jaw, then force it back within 
the womb during the intervals between the labor pains. Then 
pass a rope around the tore-arm of the colt or calf, pushing it 
well down toward the knee, and use gentle traction until jou 
bring the knee up to the passage. You may then fasten the 
rope to the fetlock, and have an assistant to use traction up- 




FOKE LIMBS COMPLETELY KETAINED. 



ward and outward, while you grasp the knee and force it 
upward and backward within the womb. Next bring the 
other leg into position in the same way. In this manner 
the fore legs are brought into proper position. Then you 
should^ find the head and place the hand under the nose and 
lower jaw, and have an assistant pull upon the rope which 
was fixed to the jaw until the head is brought into position, 
but httle force, may be required after this to complete the 
delivery. If the head presents beyond the outlet and the foetus 
IS dead you should remove the head before forcing it back 
withm the womb, (this operation is described under the head 
of Fore Legs Flexed at the Knee). Then proceed as before 



190 Equine and Bovine 

described. Indeed it is sometimes necessary to decapitate a 
living fcBtus, in order to save the mother. To place a rope 
around the neck in this position and apply force without plac- 




FORE LIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED— REVERSE POSITION. 

ing the foetus in position is brutal and the law for the preven- 
tion oi cruelty to animals should be rigidly enforced in such 
cases. 

DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD. 

Downward deviation of the head may exist from mere 
flexion of the head on the first bone of the neck, the 
nose being caught on the lower bone of the pelvic inlet 
But when the downward deviation is great the upper part of 
the head comes in contact with the lower border of the inlet 
and is forced down beneath the chest and abdomen. The 
cause usually is premature rupture of the foetal membranes and 
the nose or head catching on the pelvic border as the 
foetus is en tering the Inlet. If the feet are in a 
proper position and the nose catches on the lower border 
of the inlet, the contractions of the womb will force the 
upper part of the head and neck into the genital passage 



Medicine and Surgery. 



191 



along with the feet. Then the operator, on passing 
the hand to explore matters* will come in contact first with the 
feet and next with the top of the head. During the intervals 
of labor he should press backward and upward against the top 
of the head; then pass the hand down under the nose, seize 
the lower jaw and raise upward and outward. The head will 
be easily thrown into the natural position, when delivery may 




DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD. 

be completed in the usual way. But, if the pains have forced 
the head and neck outward, so that they are firmly wedged in 
the passage, take a crotch and place it against the shoulder 
and force the foetus back within the womb a distance sufficient 
to admit of raising the nose and placing the head in a proper 
position to allow a natural birth. This may take some time 
but can be accomplished. 

When the top ot the head rests against the lower border of 
the inlet the case is a little more difficult but can be brought 
into position by passing the hand down to the nose and fasten- 
ing a rope to the upper jaw. Then let the operator press 
12 



192 Equine and Bovine 

backward on the side of the neck and an assistant draw 
upward and outward on the rope, and most frequently the 
head will be brought in position. But, if labor has been 
progressing some time and some wise fool has been pulling at 
the legs, the head will be forced down underneath the chest 
and, possibly as for back as the abdomen. You then have 
one of the most critical cases to deal with. Indeed, so critical 
is the case, you may consider yourself extremely fortunate 
should you complete a delivery and save the Hfe ot the mother. 
You may take a couple of blunt crotches and place them 
against the shoulders of the foetus and push it back within the 
womb. If you succeed in this, you may reach the head 
which you may fasten with cords, as before, described, and 
raise it up. If you fail in this you may return the fore limbs 
and try to turn the foetus around and deliver the hind feet first. 
Failing in this, you may cut ofi the head when you feel the 
neck and then deliver; or, amputate the legs at the shoulder 
and then deHver. Use plenty of fresh lard and handle the 
knife carefully. 

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE 
EIGHT OK LEFT. 

In this position the head is carried either to the right or 
left side of the foetus, and the fore legs presented either in the 




LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT IN AN 
UPWARD POSITION. 

genital passage or at the outlet. It is a very difiicult case to 
handle. It may be caused by uterine contractions taking place 



Medicine and Sukgery. 



193 



too strongly before the mouth of the womb is thoroughly 
■dilated. If the nose is not in a straight line with the opening, 
when partially dilated the fore feet may pass through and as 
the uterine contractions increase in force the head is forced off 
to one side. Sometimes it rests back on the shoulders, at 
others down along the back or sides, and it may be down by 
the flanks of the mother. I have delivered two cases when 
the deviation was to the right side and the colts were wry- 




LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. 

necked and could not be straightened after delivery. One was 
born dead and the other, to my knowledge, lived for two years 
with a crooked neck. It was then sold and taken out of the 
neighborhood. As a rule it is not hard to distinguish this 
position of a colt or calf. The fore legs will be presented in 
the genital canal, but birth is retarded and on the side to 
which the head is turned the leg will appear shorter than the 
other. On being passed beyond these the hand comes in 
contact with a bulky mass occupying the whole space of the 
inlet, rendering access to the uterine cavity difficult. Upon 



lU 



Equine and Bovine 



examination this will be found to be the neck; and, by tracing 
it up, the ears, eyes and frequently the nose can be felt, — if a 
calf. But, if a colt, it is seldom that the nose can be felt it 
the uterine contractions have continued for any length of time. 
The colt's head will be pushed back toward the chest, abdomen 
or flanks, when it ssarcely can be reached. This position is 
not only frequent but serious, as it is impossible for birth ta 
occur without assistance, and this requires strength, persever- 
ance and ingenuity. The object now is to get hold of the 
head and bring it into a favorable position and then complete 
the delivery. But this cannot be done very easily, especially 




LATERAL DEVLATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. 

when the head is lying along the abdomen or down in the flank 
and beyond reach of the operator. If the head can be felt by 
the hand, you s.hould catch hold of the cheeks, by putting 
your hand into its mouth, and raise it into position. Faihng 
in this fasten a rope around the lower jaw, then secure the 
legs with ropes and push the foetus back into the womb. Then 
have an assistant pull on the rope attached to the jaw while 
the operator pushes inward on the neck just at the bend. The 



Medicine and Surgery 195 

Lead will readily be brought into the vaginal passage. Then 
-draw up the feet and complete delivery. In ease the feet 
present and the head cannot be reached by the operator, first 
iasten small ropes to the fore fetlocks, Then return the legs 
to the womb, pressing them to the opposite side from that to 
which the head is bent. Then, if the head is turned to the 
right, press against the left shoulder, and vice versa if it is 
turned to the left. With the hand or a crotch you can fasten a 
rope around the neck. Pass the rope along the neck as near 
the head as possible, then twist the rope until it presses deeply 
into the flesh of the neck, care being taken not to entangle the 
membranes in the rope. Then press inward on the shoulder 
and draw outwards and sideways on the neck and you will 
draw the head backward toward the natural position. Continue 
in this until you can reach the head, when jou should fasten 
the rope to the head or lower jaw after which you can easily 
bring it into position. Then draw up the feet and complete 
the delivery. Sometimes an advantage is gained by securing 
the legs with cords, then placing a crotch against the neck or 
upper part of the chest and forcmg the foetus back into the 
womb while the operator fastens a blunt hook into the eye or 
mouth of the foetus and uses outward traction on the head. 
But if the mouth can be reached I would prefer catching the 
hold there. ^ If the foetus is dead and the membranes are dry 
iise copious injections of warm water. Perseverance and good 
judgment will nearly always effect a delivery in this position. 
Let the knife for dissecting purposes be the" very last resort. 

DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND 
BACKWARD. 

In this position the head will be found more or less extended 
along the back or slightly deviated to one side with the inferior 
border of the lower jaw resting against the mother's back. In 
this position the head may be forced through the womb into 
the rectum, causing rupture of the perineum, and the foetus 
may be delivered in that way. On examination the fore-feet 
will first be felt, possibly well advanced into the vagina, and 
beyond them at the inlet the hand meets the chest and, above, 
the lower part of the neck which, if traced backward, will 
iead to the head more or less back on the withers and loins or 



196 



Equine and Bovine 



very slightly inclined to one side, the lower jaw facing the 
back of the mother. In order to place the head in a natural 
position it is necessary to force the foetus back within the 
womb by pressing the chest downward. Should the head not 
drop down into the natural position, introduce the hand and 
seize the head by the mouth or lower jaw, and pull it down 
ward, slightly sideward and outward into the natural passage, 
if this cannot be done with the hand, place a small rope 




DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND DOWNWABD. 

around the lower jaw and have an assistant pull while the 
operator guides the head with his hand until it is brought into 
the natural passage, when delivery will be completed easily. 
This is not a difficult position and can be rectified with ease 
and safety. 

HIND-LEG DEVIATION,— ANTERIOE PEESEN- 
TATION. 

In this position the operator may consider the case a 
natural presentation, which it is as far as the head and fore- 



Medicine and Surgery. 197 

feet are concerned. Birth may be proceeding favorably, the 
fore-legs, head and body being normal and in a natural posi- 
tion protruding well beyond the outlet; when, suddenly, the 
foetus becomes locked or wedged within the passage, notwith- 
standing the mother increases her efJorts at straining; and 
powerful traction upon the foetus fails to bring it beyond a 
certain point. 

The operator should pass his hand underneath the abdomen 
of the foetus, along the genital passage, until he reaches the 




HIND LIMB DEVIATION,— ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 

inlet, where he will find the obstruction. Here he may find 
the thighs of the foetus turned outward from its flanks, 
forming too broad a surface to pass through the genital canal. 
Sometimes he will find the hind legs flexed forward underneath 
the belly of the foetus and the feet or fetlocks caught under 
the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, so that tD deliver by force 
would cause the hind-legs of the foetus to force their way 
through the tissues into the abdominal cavity of the mother, 
before delivery could be completed; and this might cause the 
death of both mother and offspring. A sate delivery can be 
effected only by the proper adjustment of the hind legs. This 
is all the more difiicult when the foetus is well advanced in the 
passage and much traction has been employed. If, upon 
examination, the thighs are extended outward from the flanks 
of the foetus, it should be forced back within the womb and 



198 Equine and Bovine 

the limbs drawn as closely together as possible with the hand. 
If this cannot be done, you may take a half inch rope, well 
greased, and fasten it around the body of the foetus with a 
running noose. Then the operator should work the rope just 
beyond the rump of the foetus or midway between the rump 
and the hocks. He must hold it there while an assistant 
draws tightly on the rope and forces the thighs together. The 
delivery can then be completed. If, however, the foetus can 
not be forced back into the womb to adjust the thighs, cat it 
off close up to the mother; then force the remainder back 
within the womb and deliver the hind feet first. But, if upon 
examination, the hind feet or fetlocks are found to be canght 
below the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, you should pass 
your hand between the belly of thetoetus and the gential canal, 
until you come in contact with the feet or fetlocks. Then pass 
the hand with the palmar surface against the feet or fetlocks 
and extend it backward and inward as far as the arm will 
reach, when traction may be applied to the foetus and delivery 
completed. 

DEVIATION OF THE HIND-LEGS INTO THE GENI- 
TAL CANAL— THE ANTERIOK PART OF THE 
BODY PRESENTING. 

In this position we have a serious case to deal with. 
Generally the principal object is to save the life of the mother. 
The foetus generally is dead or in a dying condition before 
help is thought necessary to complete the delivery. Outward 
appearances may reveal nothing but a natural presentation, — 
the fore-feet and head being presented and sometimes so well 
advanced that part of the chest will be presented to view 
beyond the outlet, when progress ceases, notwithstanding the 
violent efforts of the mother are increased and forcible traction 
has been used. The operator now has great difficulty to 
ascertain the cause of the delay, the difficulty depending upon 
the size of the foetus and the amount of space in the genital 
conal occupied by it. The hand should be introduced to 
ascertain the cause of delay, which may be very difficult. 
When the feet are found they should be examined to make 
certain they are the hind ones. Sometimes the hind legs are 
well advanced in the passage, even as far as the hocks; but 



Medicine and Surgery. 



199 



this depends greatly upon the size of the foetus and the 
capacity of the mother. It is impossible to extract the foetus 
until this position is rectified, no matter what amount of force 
may be used; and violent force is certain to injure the mother. 
It is, therefore, necessary to ascertain the exact state of afiairs 




DEVIATION OF THE HIND LIMBS INTO THE GENITAL PASSAGE, THE ANTE- 
RIOR PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING. 

before using^ any force. As to saving the life of the foetus, 
should it be living, youriiecision generally must be unfavorable. 
In a great majority of cases the young animal, if not already 
dead, must be sacrificed to save the life of the mother. 

If attention is given to the mother before the foetus has 
advanced far into the passage and the hind feet are found 
mingled with the fore feet, the operator will have little difii- 
culty in pushing them back to the lower border of the pelvis. 
Then push them downward and inward and immediately after 
grasp the fore feet and head and hasten the delivery, which 
can be done successfully. Or the operator may hold' the hind 
feet back while an assistant extracts the foetus. But if the 
foetus is well advanced, the fore legs, head and chest being 
beyond the outlet, you may try and force it back within the 



200 



Equine and Bovine 



womb until yon can reach the hind feet. Then, if possible, 
push them back within the womb, either with the hand or 
with a crotch. Then, the head and fore legs being in good 
position, delivery can be effected easily. When the foetus has 
advanced so far and is very large, it is very seldom possible to 
force it back into the womb or even to introduce the hand 
beside it. The only recourse left then is to cut the foetus off 
close up to the mother; then force the remainder back within 
the womb, turn it around and deliver the hind feet first. 

POSTERIOE PRESENTATION. 

In posterior presentation, as in anterior presentation, the 
foetus may assume several positions, in ouly one of which a 
spontaneous and natural delivery can result. This is when 
the back of the foetus is next to the back of the mother, the 
abdomen next to the lower part of the pelvis and the thighs 




POSTERIOR PRESENTATION, OR HINB FEET PRESENTATION. 

occupying the horizontal diameter of the genital canal, the 
hind legs being fully extended outward and entering the inlet, 
first gradually dilating the mouth of the womb. Birth in this 
position without assistance is more frequent with cows than 



Medicine and Surgery. 201 

with mares and the calves are generally alive. With the 
mare parturition is more prolonged and laborious, and the 
foal quickly dies alter rupture of the membranes, or is suffo- 
cated immediately after birth for want of attention. Colts 
that are foaled in this position should be raised by the hind 
legs until the head is clear off from the ground, to allow the 
escape of any fluid that may be in the wind-pipe. I have 
seen as much as a pint escape and the little animal begin to 
breathe and do well. When colts are foaled with an anterior 
presentation the head and neck hang down so that if any fluids 
have accumulated in the wind-pipe they escape spontaneously. 
With the posterior position it is just the reverse, hence the 
necessity of raising the hind quarters and allowing the fluid to 
escape. The foal sometimes perishes quickly after rupture of 
the membranes. It is therefore necessary, in a posterior 
presentation when everything is favorable, to hasten the 
delivery to save the life of the colt. 

In the posterior reversed position, when the hind feet are 
presented with the foetus lying on its back within the mother, 
its belly against the back of the mother and its back upon the 
low«r bone of the pelvis, there is danger ahead and trouble to 
be anticipated. As a consequence of this reversed position, 
the hind legs (which enter the passage first) are directed up- 
ward and outward, and are the parts first met by the hand in 
making an examination. The operator can make no mistake 
if he notices whether the back or front of the hind leg is 
uppermost. This can be told easily from the shape of the 
feet or the position of the hocks, the point of the latter being 
downward, and the bend upward in the same direction as the 
wall of the hoof. Whereas, the bend of the hnee is in the 
same direction as the sole of the foot. The obstacle to birth 
lies in the buttocks resting against the lower border of the 
pelvis, whilst the legs are extended upward towards the 
mother's back and, to a certain extent, held rigid. There is 
danger of lacerating the perineum ; or the feet may be pushed 
through into the rectum, causing rupture of the perineum. 
Besides this, the body of the foetus itself forms a curve exactly 
opposite to that of the genital canal, so that it cannot easily 
accommodate itself to the bony canal through which it must 
pass. From these circumstances the position not only is unfa- 



202 Equine and Bovine 

vorable to birth, but must be remedied or serious accidents 
may follow. 

When the foetus is found in this position the operator must 
take great care in conducting the feet through the genital canal, 
to prevent lacerations of the perineum. Sometimes, in order 
to bring the feet beyond the outlet, it is necessary to pass the 
hand and raise the hocks above the brim of the pelvis. As 
soon as the feet appear beyond the outlet they should be 
secured with ropes, and, while an assistant seizes the legs and 
attempts to turn the foetus on its belly, the operator should 
pass his hand under its rump and assist in turning it over so 
that its back rests against the mother's back. When this 
position is gained, extract the foetus, — if necessary, by forcible 
traction, if the foetus is small, or if the rump has passed 
into the genital passage, it should be drawn far enough into 
the passage to have the rump beyond the outlet; then twist it 
half way round, or until its back is uppermost, and complete 
the delivery. If the foetus be a colt delivery must be completed 
within halt an hour; o^-herwiseit is likely to die before entirely 
born. It it be a calf it may live for several hours and be born 
alive. 

HOCK PEESENTATION. 

This presentation is liable to happen when there is a 
posterior presentation and the womb contractions force the 
foetus toward the inU-t before the hind legs are completely 
extended. Consequently, the back part of the legs below the 
hocks come in contact with the brim of the pelvis. The croup, 
being above naturally forces the legs into a cramped position. 
The labor pains continuing, the croup has a tendency to descend 
and, with the hocks, to enter the pelvic inlet. The legs now 
being thoroughly flexed, the croup pressing upon them they 
become jammed tightly in the inlet, forming too large a mass 
to advance further. Therefore labor is suspended and the 
animal becomes exhausted by continuous straining. 

On making an examination in hock presentation, the point 
of the hock is always the first part encountered, but it may be 
found at different points. Sometimes it is well advanced in the 
inlet, the croup and body of the foetus being still within the 
womb. In other cases the body and croup are in the inlet and 
thoroughly wedged in the passage. As a rule, if the mother 



Medicine and Surgery. 



203 



has run the full period of gestatiou, birth cannot take place 
until the deviation has been restified; and until this has been 
done, a forcible attempt at delivery is likely to take the life ot 
the mother. Therefore it is necessary to place the hind legs 
in a favorable position, by extending them in the genital pass- 
age. This is more easily done with the calf than with the 
colt, owing to the shortness of the legs ot the former. If the 
offspring be very small and the mother large and roomy in 




HOCK PRESENTATION. 



the genital canal the foetus may be delivered in this position, 
by extending its legs forward underneath its abdomen. • But 
this would be a very exceptional case. 

The best mode ot completing delivery is so to adjust the 
foetus that the hind legs are completely extended outward 
This iS" quite easily accomplished, if an examination be made 
before the foetus has entered the pelvic inlet, or, at the most, 
the points of the hocks and raising them upward, at the same 
time pressing inward, the operator can draw the feet into the 
pelvic inlet. . Or, if the operator has secured the feet by ropes 
previous to handling the hocks, as he raises and forces them 
inward an assistant can pull on the ropes and bring the feet 
outward into the genital canal, and can then complete the 



204 



Equine and Bovine. 



birth with ease. But at a later period, when labor is more 
advanced and the croup is well advanced or wedged in the 
inlet along with the hocks, the case is more troublesome. 
First, lasten a rope arouLd each hock separately; then apply 
pressure to the croup, forcing it inward and upward until you 
iorce it within the womb, or far enough inward fo secure the 
ieet with ropes. Then lake hold of the hocks and press upward 
and inward, when an assistant may draw upward and outward 
on the ropes and bring the feet into position. 

If there is much trouble in forcing the foetus back and it jp 
known to be dead, or if it must be sacrificed to save the 




HOCK PRESENTATION— HOCKS CORDED. 

mother, ropes may be fastened to the hind legs and the hocks 
drawn as near the outlet as possible. Then amputate the legs 
at the hocks, remove the detached parts and the remainder is 
easily brought into position for delivery. If the mother per- 
sists in lying you may elevate her hind quarters by packing 
straw under her. If thought necessary place the hobbles on 
the hind feet, then place a rope over a high beam and draw 



Medicine and Surgery. 



205 



up the hind parts. This, sometimes, will greatly lessen the 
danger to the operator and assist him in extracting the foetus. 




HOCK PRESENTATION— REVERSED POSITION. 



THIGH AND CKOUP PEESE:NTATI0N. 

The cause ot this mal-position is the same as that operating 
in the hock presentation. It occurs irequently with both mares 
and cows. "When the thigh and croup are presented and the 
legs are flexed slightly forward the mass is too large to enter 
the pelvic inlet. But, as labor progresses, the croup is forced 
into the pelvic inlet, while the thighs are forced downward 
and the legs forward until the latter are pressed up against 
the abdomen. In this position birth is possible; but the foetus 
must be very small and the pelvis of the mother large and 
well formed. In this position, upon examination, the hand 
first encounters the tail and buttocks of the foetus, then the 
thighs, and possibly the hocks. But if labor is somewhat ad- 
vanced the legs will be pressed up along the abdomen, when 
the hocks will be beyond the reach. The croup and haunch 
may have passed some distance into the pelvic inlet, yet it is 
very unusual for any part ot the foetus, except the tail, to be 
discernable externally, no matter how long labor may have 



206 



Equine and Bovine 



been progressing. This mal- position is the most difficult en- 
countered in veterinary obstetrics. Sometimes the mother 
perishes without being delivered. Though a living calf some- 
times is delivered in this position, a K^'ing foal is very rarely 




THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION. 



obtained; and oniy to often the mare dies after the foal has 
been taken away. The chance of saving either mother or off- 
spring depends greatly upon the length ot time the mother has 
been in labor, and the amount of injury or irritation sustained 
by the genital organs through improper handling. The 
chances are lessened if it be the first foal or calf, or if the 
foetus be unusually large. To complete birth it is necessary 
to extend the limbs of the foetus backward, as in ordinary 
breech presentation, the hind feet first so that the mother's 
efiorts with slight assistance from the operator will effect a 
delivery. This will prove a difficult task. Though, in some 
instances, where labor has not advanced very far and the 
foetus is still in the uterine cavity and can be moved around so 
that the feet can be reached and brought into the genital pass- 



Medicine and Surgery. 



207 



age, it is not very difficult. When labor has progressed far 
enough to force the croup into the pelvic inlet delivery will be 




THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION — THE HOCK CORDED. 

completed only by hard work and perseverence. If possible 
place a small rope around each leg separately, as low down as 




THIGfi AND CROUP PRSKNTATION— THE THIGHS CORDED. 

the hock. Then take a repeller, or use the hand, placing it 
against the croup, and force it inward, the assistant drawing 
14 



208 



Equine and Bovine 



upward and outward upon the hock. Continue in this way 
until you have a hock presentation. Then fasten ropes to the 
fetlocks, and, while the operator seizes the hocks and presses 
upward and inward, the assistant may draw upward and out- 
ward on the fetlocks, until they are brought into the passage, 
when the delivery may be completed. But if the croup and 
thighs are completely wedged in the genital passage and can- 
not be moved, either inward or outward, which sometimes is 
the case, no recourse but embryotomy is left. This is a very 
tedious manner of completing delivery. Take a guarded knife 
and cut through the skin and muscles until you come to the 
hip joint. Then detach that limb and remove the other in 
the same manner, after which you can insert hooks in the 
cavity of the hip-joint and extract. Or, place a rope com- 
pletely around the body of the foetus and extract. Or, sever 
the muscles from the bones of the haunch as much as possible, 
then fasten a hook into the bones and extract them. After 
you have severed the haunch bones remove the bowels. Then 
fasten a rope to the remaining skin and complete delivery. 

TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION. 
The foetus is in a transverse position when, upon examina- 




O^RANSVEHSB PRESENTATION. 



tion, the hand of the operator first encounters the shoulders, 
withers, sides, flanks, haunches, loins, back, breast, bellv or 



Medicine and Surgery. 209 

all of the limbs collected together. The possibility of the 
foetus assuming a transverse position within the womb is by 
some strongly disputed, but entirely without reason, because 
the womb is a soft, yielding membraneous sack, capable of 
assuming almost any position; so it readily appears that its 
transverse diameter may be increased at the expense of 
its length.^ ^ Though transverse presentation sometimes is 
observed, it is not nearly so common as an anterior or poste 
rior presentation. Still it is quite as necessary that the opera- 
tor should understand something of this presentation as with 
it birth is impossible when unassisted. No matter whether 
the foetus presents in the transe verse vertical or transverse 
horizontal position, version must be accomplished in order to 
change it to either an anterior or posterior presentation. For 
in one of these ways only can the foetus be brought into the 
pelvic inlet and delivery be efiected. This presentation occurs 
more frequently in the mare than in the cow, perhaps, owing 
to the stronger contractions of the womb of the former not 
allowing proper adjustment of the foetus, should it not be in a 
position exactly favorable at the commencement of labor. 

SHOULDER AND LOIJST PEESENTATION. 

When labor has continued for some time with little or no 
progress, and, upon examination, the hand of the operator 
comes in contract with the shoulder and loins, he knows that 
he has to deal^ with a transverse presentation. If labor has 
lasted some time, the straining has been energetic and 
the waters have escaped, it sometimes is a difficult matter to 
decide ^ what part of the foetus the hand encounters first. 
There is first felt a more or less rounded surface that has no 
special characteristic by which it may be recognized. The hand 
should then be introduced farther into the womb and search 
should be made for some part of the foetus that can be recog- 
nized. Then study the position of the young creature in the 
womb. The presentation having been recognized, the position 
must be determined by ascertaining the direction in which the 
head lies. With the foal this is accomplished by feeling for 
the mane and tracing it as far as the arm can reach. It may 
lie in the right or left flank of the mother, or up along her 
back, or down toward the floor of her belly, the legs assuming 
different positions in a direction opposite to the head; although 



210 Equine and Bovine 

sometimes one leg is found crossed over the neck. To learn 
the exact position is absolutely necessary, before venturing 
upon any attempt at extraction, as in nearly every case, the 
Dresentation is a difficult one and requires all the skill and 




SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 

judgment of the operator to rectify it. But if labor has not 
continued any length of time before the operator discovers the 
presentation, and if the membranes are soft and yielding from 
the natural fluids, the position, generally, is easily converted 
into an anterior or posterior presentation and a living foetus is 
dehvered. If labor has continued for some time and the 
patient is a mare, you may depend upon it the foal will be 
dead. But with a cow a living calf may be delivered — the 
tenacity of life and the power of endurance are wonderful. 
The principal object is to convert the transeverse presentation 
into either an anterior or a posterior presentation, for only in 
this way can delivery be efiected. If the foetus lies or can be 
moved so that the head and fore legs are most convenient and 
can with the least difficulty be brought into the pelvic inlet, 
the position should be converted into an anterior presentation. 
If the hind legs are most accessible and can be brought into 
the inlet with less difficulty, convert the position into a poste- 
rior presentation. But to do either is, generally, a difficult 



Medicine and Surgery 211 

task, as the presentation offers nothing to take hold of advant- 
ageously, or to which ropes could be attached. If labor has 
progressed for some time and the membranes are dry, before 
attempting to turn the foetus, it is a good treatment to inject 
warm water into the womb, to moisten the membranes, which 
will greatly aid the operator in his efforts at version. The 
foetus must not be pushed directly forward into the womb, but 
rather obliquely and in a direction opposite to that of the parts 
we wish to bring into the inlet. If the mother be lying down, 
the operator will find it greatly to his advantage to raise her 
hind quarters very high. He should be persistent in his 




SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 

work, use frequent injections of warm water, and, in the great 
majority of cases, the foetus will glide around the inner sur- 
face of the womb until a convenient part presents itself. Then 
the fore legs and head, if they are the parts sought, or the 
hind legs, are brought into the genital canal by the hand or 
by ropes, when slight traction will complete the delivery. 
When all these maneuvers have failed embryotomy should be 
performed in such manner as the operator deems most advant- 
ageous. At the best it will be a diflSicult, tedious and laborious 
task, seldom attended with satisfactory results. The mother 
generally perishes, either during the operation or shortly 
afterward. 



212 



Equine and Bovine 



BREAST AMD ABDOMHSTAL PRESENTATIOK. 

This presentation is quite common in both mares and cows^ 
but more irequently occurs in the former. Generally the foetus 
is lying on its side with its legs flexed, or extended, or pre- 
sented at the inlet, or engaged in the passage. There is no 
difficulty in discovering and recognizing this position. As the 
operator passes the hand to explore the parts it first encounters 
the feet — usually all four of them. They may be within the 
womb, or one or more of them engaged in the passage. In 
the majority of cases either the hind parts or fore quarters are 
near the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of that 
part being further advanced than those ot the other. The 
position must now be ascertained, which can be done readily 
if the head can be felt. But this, generally, is beyond reach 




BREAST AND ABDOMANAL PRESBNTATION. 

and the position can be determined only by a careful examina- 
tion of the limbs. In this we must distinguish between the- 
hind legs and fore legs as these alone can show the direction 
ol the head. To do this the operator should remember that 
the hind leg flexes in the direction of the wall of the foot, 
whereas the knee flexes in the direction of the sole ot the 
foot. The hock can also be recognized by its flatness. It 
must be remembered that, in this presentation the fore legs- 
and hind legs are cross each other when engaged in the genital 



Medicine and Surgery. 



213 



passage. The hind legs, crossing the fore legs, are pointing 
toward the anterior part of the body of the foetus; while the 
fore legs, crossing the hind legs, point toward the posterior 
part of the foetus. This is not a very serious presentation, as 
a rule. The gravity of the case depends somewhat upon the 
length of time labor has continued. As it is impossible for 
birth to occur spontaneously while the foetus is in this position, 
if the mother has not received the necessary aid for some time 
after the commencement of labor, her continued straining may 




BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 

not only cause the death of the colt but the mother's death 
from prostration. When the legs have been distinguished, 
fasten ropes around the ones you wish to extract first. Gen- 
erally the operator will find it most advantageous to convert 
the position into a posterior presentation and deliver the hind 
feet first. If only one hind foot and one fore foot are engaged 
in the passage, fasten a rope around the one hind foot and 
search for the other one; secure it and bring it into the pass- 
age. Then return the fore leg to the womb, as far in as possi- 



214 Equine and Bovine 

ble, apply traction and deliver. But if all tour legs are engaged 
in the passage, fasten ropes to the hind feet; then return the 
fore feet as far as possible within the womb. Sometimes this 
is more easily and more advantageously accomplished by flex- 
ing the forelegs at the knee until the foot rests against the 
elbow; then force it within the womb in a downward direction, 
while the assistant draws upon the hind feet. The foetus will 
straighten out generally and birth will be completed. Even if 
the head be engaged along with all four legs in the passage, I 
would recommend returning it to the womb in a downward 
direction along with the fore legs, and that delivery be made 
with the hind feet first. When the foetus is partially "^delivered, 
say the hind legs, croup and hips are without or beyond the 
outlet, the operator should pass his hand between the belly of 
the foetus and the floor of the genital canal, to ascertain whether 
the fore legs have become cramped or fastened within the inlet 
too soon. If so, straighten them by pushing them inward, for 
if not straightened serious results might follow. In delivering 
the foetus with a posterior presentation — that is the hind feet 
first — the back of the foetus should be against the back of the 
mother. 

But in a breast and abdominal presentation, it it is found 
impossible to force the foetus back into the womb and the 
foetus be dead, there should be no hesitation about resorting 
to embryotomy. The best way to commence is to cut off the 
fore legs at the knees or elbows and remove them; the lower 
part of the legs being removed, the remainder of the foetus 
can be readily pushed back into the womb, and. by applying 
traction to the hind legs, delivery can be effected. 

TWIN FCETUS— IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS. 

With mares and cows it is not an uncommon occurrence 
for them to bring forth twins, though it is rarely, indeed, that 
assistance is needed to complete delivery. Usually, when the 
mother is carrying twins, either they are expelled betore the full 
period of gestation is completed, or each is much smaller than 
if she were carrying only one. Indeed, birth usually is much 
easier with a twin preguancy than with only one. When the 
most advanced foetus is expelled a variable period elapses 
before the second birth. During the interval the mother gen- 



Medicine and Surgery. 



215 



erally is uneasy and pays little or no attention to the one 
already born; but manifests a peculiar anxiety, which is a 
good indication that delivery is not complete. But when the 
second foetus is born the mother generally turns her attention 
to her offspring. This is the general order of twin births. 
But it is not always so fortunate. In some cases, after the 
first one is born, a long interval occurs before the birth of 
the second one, which is usually fatal to its existence. This 
suspension ot labor in twin-birth is generally due to a mal- 
position of the foetus. Difficult parturition from this cause 




TWIN FOETUS — IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS. 

also happens when the twins are about equally distant from 
the mouth of the womb and are presented at the inlet together. 
Of course they cannot pass through the canal together, hence 
the difficulty. Upon examination the operator wiil experience 
great difficulty in determining the positions of the two foetuses. 
This can be done only by caretnl examination, and then the 
operator will find himself" somewhat embarrassed. For ex- 
ample, the fore feet of one foetus may be presented with the 
head of the other; or the head and one fure foot may present 



216 Equine and Bovine 

with one fore foot ot the other; or one hind foot of each foetus 
may present together; or a fore foot of one with the hind foot 
of the other, etc. In some instances the legs of the twins are 
so interlaced that they are separated only with the greatest 
difficulty. One thing is certain, only one can be delivered at 
a time. Therefore they must be separated and one pushed 
back into the womb while the other is being delivered. When 
the one is born, the other, if in a wrong position, must be 
straightened and removed. This is quite easily written, but 
not so easily performed. If assistance is not afforded before 
both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet the operator 
will experience great trouble in adjusting them. But if dis- 
tinguished before entering the inlet, but little trouble need be 
anticipated. Select the one most favorably situated, fasten 
ropes to the head and fore legs or to the hind legs, as the case 
may be, and arrange them in a direction proper for delivery. 
Then let an assistant draw the foetus toward the outlet while 
the operator pushes the other back within the womb. After 
delivering the first one, search for the other, which probably 
will be in a mal-position, requiring adjustment before it can 
be born. 

DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITIES. 

Yery seldom, indeed, do we witness double-headed mon- 
strosities with mares or cows. In the former I have neither 
seen nor read of any; but in the cow I have seen one and read 
of others. But they are very rare indeed. Sometimes these 
monstrosities are born alive and live a considerable time. The 
one that I saw was living at three years of age, to all appear- 
ance healthy and a good feeder. It was placed on exhibition. 
She only used one mouth while feeding. The other mouth 
was well formed and had a full set of teeth, but she had little 
control of the lower jaw. Though, if the mouth was opened 
with a little assistance, it would close spontaneously. Both 
heads were well formed, uniting at the neck, both mouths 
emptying into the one oesophagus. 

The existence of this mal-formation renders birth more or 
less difficult and sometimes impossible, according to the size 
of the heads. But sometimes birth occurs without assistance 
and with little difficulty. An examination will reveal the con- 
dition, when the operator will adopt the measure necessary to 



Medicine and Surgery. 



217 



complete the delivery. If the mother is large and the genital 
canal well formed, forcible traction may complete the delivery. 
But if, in the judgment of the operator, this will not do, em- 
bryotomy must be resorted to. Cutting off one or both of the 
heads may be necessary before delivery can be completed. If 
the heads are united closely, split them with a chisel and then 
remove them; or, in such cases, bone forceps may be used. 
If it be a double head and neck, cut off the neck, as low down 




DOUBLE HEADED MONSTROSITIES. 

as possible, and remove it first; then remove the balance 
There are several other forms of monstrosities but, as they 
so seldom occur, a description here is quite unnecessary. 
Suffice it to say that, if it be impossible to deliver them by 
moderate traction, amputate such parts as cause the obstruction 
and deliver. 

HYDEOCEPHALUS, OR WATER 0:N' THE BRAIN. 

This anomaly is found in colts and calves^ both. The 
enormous size of the head is the obstacle to a natural delivery. 



•218 



Equine and Bovine 



If with an anterior presentation birth will be delayed, and, on 
making an examination, the operator will soon discover the 
deformity. But, if with posterior presentation the operator 
discovers this deformity, he should endeavor to change the 
position to an anterior presentation, and, after bringing the 
nose into the inlet, he should plunge a knife through the head, 
making a free incision to allow the water to escape. After 




HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN. 

which, on applying traction, the tissues gradually flatten down 
and birth is completed. But if it be presented hind feet first 
and birth is complete with the exception ot the head, which is 
too large to pass through the genital canal and prevents de- 
livery, the operator should pass the hand along the neck and 
examine the head. If hydrocephalus is recognized he should 
open the head with a knife or trocar and canula and allow the 
fluid to escape, after which the tissues will flatten down and 
traction will complete the delivery. 

ASCITES, OK ABDOMINAL DROPSY. 

With this disease the abdomen of the foetus will be swollen 
to such an extent that it cannot enter the genital passage, 
though the head and fore feet may be presented in a natural 



Medicine and Surgery. 



219 



position and well advanced in the canal. On examination, if 
the operator cannot pass the hand between the head and the 
walls of the passage to ascertain the cause of the obstruction, 
he should first secure the head and fore feet with ropes, then 
force them back into the womb. After that he will have no 
difficulty in ascertaining the trouble if dropsy is the cause. He 




ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY. 

should then plunge a knife into the abdomen of the foetus, 
making a large incision to allow the fluid to escape into the 
womb, after which dehvery can be completed. But if he can- 
not return the head to the womb, or does not think best to do 
80, he must either plunge a knife into the abdomen of the 
foetus and allow the fluid to escape into the womb, or use a 
trocar and canula, plunging it into the abdomen and allowing 
the fluid to escape externally. Afterwards moderate traction 
will complete the delivery. 



Appearance of Horses' Teeth 

— AT- 

DIFFERENT AGES. 




TEETH AT TWO YEARS OLD. 



222 



Equine and Bovine 




TEETH AT THREE YEARS OLD. 




TEETH AT POUR YEARS OLD. 




TEETH AT FIVE YEARS OLD. 



Medicine and Surgery. 



223 




TEETH AT SIXTEEN YEARS OLD 



15 



224 



Equine and Bovine 




TEETH AT THIRTY YEARS OLD. 



DRUGS AND DOSES, 



FOR 



HORSES AND CATTLE. 



NAME OF DRUG. 



Acetic Acid 

Aconite Tincture. . . 
Alcohol 



Ale 



Aloes Barbadoes. . . . 

Aloes Cape 

Alum 

Ammonia Liquid 

Ammonia Carbonate. 

AromaticT Ammonia. 

Ammonia Muriate, . . 

Ammonia Acetate So- 
lution 

Anise Seed , 

Antimony Tartarized 

ArecaNut 

Arnica Tincture... 

Arsenic 

Assafcetida , 



ACTION AND USE. 



1 dram 

20 to 40_dps 

i to 1 oz 

1 to 2 pints 

4 to 8 dr'ms 

5 to 10 dr'm 

2 to 3 dr'ms 

1 to 2 oz 

2 to 4 dr'ms 

1 to 2 oz 

2 to 4 dr'ms 



Azedaroch 
Atropia 



Belladonna Extract. 

Balsam of Peru 

Benzoin 



Borax , 

Bismuth Subnitrate, 



Febrifuge and Caustic 

Sedative, Diaphoretic 

Stimulant, Dieuretic, Nar 

cotic 

Stimulant, Dieuretic, Nar- 
cotic 

Purgative ] 

Purgative 

Astringent 

Stimulant, Anti Spasmod- 
ic, Dieuretic 

Stimulant, Anti Spasmod- 
ic, D'euretic 

Stimulant, Anti- Spasmod- 
ic, Dieuretic 

Stimulant, Discutient, Al- 
terative, Dieuretic 

Diaphoretic, Dieuretic. 

Stimulant, Febrifuge. 

Stomachic Carminative . . . 

Sedative, Diaphoretic 

Vermifuge 

Stimulant, Dieuretic 

Alterative, Nerve Tonic. 
Stimulant, Carminative, 

Vermifuge 

Vermifuge 

Anodyne, Anti- Spasmodic. 

Narcotic '. 

Anodyne, Anti Spasmodic, 

Narcotic 

Stimulant, Anti-Spasmodic 

Expectorant 

Stimulant, Anti Spasmodic 

Expectorant 

Sedative, Uterine Stimul'nt 
Soothes Irritation of Stom- 
ach and Bowels 2 drams 



DOSE. 



HORSES. CATTLE. 



2 to 3 OZ 
i to 1 oz 
1 to 2 dr'ms 
1 ounce 
1 dram 
5 to 10 grs 

1 to 3 dr'ms 
i to 1 ounce 

i grain 

2 drams 

1 ounce 

1 ounce 
4 drams 



2 drams 
30 to 60 dps 

1 to 2 ozs 

2 to 4 pints 

6 to 12 dr'm 

7 to 14 dr'm 

3 to 4 dr'nis 

2 to 4 oz 

4 to 6 dr'ms 
2 to 4 oz 

4 to 6 dr'ms 



3 to 4 oz 

1 to 2 oz 

2 to 4 dr'ms 
1 ounce 

1 dram 

5 to 15 grs 

2 to 6 drams 

1 ounce 

i grain 

2 to 3 dr'ms 

U ounces 

li ounces 
7 drams 

5 drams 



226 



Equine and Bovine 



NAME OF DRUG. 



Blackberry Root 

Boneset 



ACTION AND USE. 



Astringent 

Stimulant, Tonic, Dieuretic 



Bromide of Potass'm Nerve Sedative. 

Buchu 

Buckthorn Syrup 

Calomel 

Camphor 

Cantharides 

Cayenne Pepper . 

Caraway Seeds 

Cardamons 

Carbolic Acid 



Cantor Oil 

Catechu 

Chamomile 

Chloral Hydrate.. 
Chloroform ...... 

Cinchona 

Cinnamon 

Cod Liver Oil.... 

Colchicum 

Columbo 

Copavia 

Copper Sulphate. 

Croton Oil 

Cream of Tartar . 

Diyitalis 

Dovers Powder. . 
Ergot 



DOSE. 



HOBSES. 



Ether . 
Fennel 



Seeds. 



Stimulant, Dieuretic 

Physic for dog, i to 1 oz 

Purgative 

Anti-Spasmodic 

Stimulant, Dieuretic 

Stimulant, Aromatic 

Stomachic 

Stomachic 

Sedative, Anodyne, As- 
tringent Antiseptic, 
Disinfectant 

Purgative 

Astringent 

Stimulant, Tonic 

Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic. 

Stimulant 

Tonic, Antiperiodic 

Stomachic 

Tonic 

Dieuretic, Sedative 

Bitter Tonic 

Stimulant, Dieuretic, Ex 
pectorant 

Tonic, Astringent , 

Purgative 

Dieuretic. 

Sedative, Dieuretic 

Sedative, Diaphoretic 

Checks Bleeding from the 
Womb 

•Stimulant 

Stomachic 



3 drams 
7 drams 

2 to 4 dr'ms 

4 drams 

1 dram 
i dram 

5 grains 

3 drams 
1 ounce 
1 ounce 



CATTLE. 



4 drams 

1 ounce 

4 drams 
7 drams 

dram 

2 to 4 drm's 

5 to 10 grs 
4 drams 

i ounce 
I ounce 



Fern Male Shield Ext Vermifuge 



Galls Oak. .. 
Gallic and 

Acid 

Gentian 

Ginger 



Tannic 



Glauber Salts 

Hyoscymus Extract. 

Todine 

Iodide of Potassium. 

Inm Peroxide 

Iron Sulphate 

Iron Tincture of Mu- 
riate 



As'ringent , 

Astringent , 

Tonic 

Stimulant, Stomachic, 

Tonic 

Purgative c 

Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic. 

Alterative 

Alterative, Dieuretic 

Tonic 

Tonic 

Tonic, Astringent 



i dram 

1 pint 

2 to 5 dr'ms 
ounce 

4 drams 
i dram 
I ounce 

5 drams 
5 ounces 
i dram 
5 drams 

4 drams 
1 dram 
15 to 20 dps 
1 ounce 
20 grains 

3 drams 

1 ounce 
1 to 2 oz 
1 ounce 

1 ounce 

4 to 6 dr'ms 

2 scruples 
4 drams 

1 ounce 
H pounds 

2 drams 
15 grains 

1 dram 

2 drams 

3 drams 

7 drams 



1 dram 
1^ pints 

2 to 8 dr'ms 
i ounce 

4 drams 
i dram 
i ounce 
7 drams 
7 ounces 
i dram 
1 ounce 

4 drams 
^ dram 
20 to 30 dps 
i ounce 
^ dram 
4 drams 

1 ounce 

2 to 3 oz 
1 to 2 oz 

1 to 2 ( z 

2 scruples 
6 drams 

2 ounces 
2 pounds 
4 drams 
25 graius 

2 drams 
4 drams 

3 di ams 

1 ounce 



Medicine and Surgery 



227 



NAME OF DRUG. 



Kino 

Laudanum 

Lime Water 

Lime Chloride 

Linseed OIL.... 

Lobelia 

Magnesia 

Magnesia Sulphate — 
Epsom Salts. . . 

Muriatic Acid 

Myrrh 

Morphia Muriate 

Nitric Acid 

Nux Vomica 

Oak Ba^k 

Olive Oil 

Opium 

Peppermint Oil 

Pepper, White and 

Black 

Podophyllin 

Pomegranate Root 

Bark 

Potassa Acetate 

Potassa Nitrate. . . . 
Potassa Chlorate 

Potassa Bromide 

Prussic Acid 

Pumpkin Seeds 

Quinine Sulph 

hhubarb 

Resin 

Soda Bicarbonate. . . 

Santonin 

Squills 

Silver Nitrate 

Spigelia ' 

Strychnia 

Sulphur 

Sweet Spirits Nitre. . 



ACTION AND USE. 



Astringent 

Narcotic, Sedative, Ano- 
dyne, Anti- Spasmodic 

Antacid, Astringent 

Relieves Bloating, Disin- 
fectant 

Laxative...' 

Sedative, Anti Spasmodic, 
Expectorant 

Antacid, Antidote for Ar- 



senic. 



Laxative, Physic 

Tonic, Astringent, Caustic 

Stimulant, Tonic 

Narcotic, Sedative, Anti- 
Spasmodic, Anod3^De. 

Tonic, Astringent, Caustic 

Nerve Stimulant, Tonic. 

Astringent 

Laxative 

Narcotic, Sedative. Anti- 
Spasmodic, Anodyne. 

Stomachic, Anti- Spasmodic 



Stomachic, Stimulant. 
Purgative, Sedative.. 



Vermifuge, Expels Worms 

Antacid, Dieuretic, Dia 
phoretic 

Dieuretic, Febrifuge 

Stimulant, Dieuretic, Re- 
frigerant, Antiseptic. . 

Nerve Sedative 

Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic. 

Vermifuge, Tsenifuge, Dog, 
i ounce 

Bitter Tonic 

Laxative, Tonic 

Dieuretic 

Antacid, Dieuretic 

Vermifuge 

Dieuretic, Expectorant 

Nerve Tonic 

Vermifuge 

Nerve Tonic 

Expectorant, Diaphoretic. 

Stimulant, Anti-Spasmodic 
Dieuretic, Diaphoretic 



DOSE. 



HORSES. 



i ounce 

1 to 2 oz 

4 to 5 oz 

2 drams 

1 to 2 pints 

2 drams 

1 to 2 oz 

1 pound 
1 dram 

3 drams 

5 to 10 grs 
1 dram 

i to 1 dram 
1 ounce 

1 to 2 pints 

i to 2 drams 
20 drops 

2 drams 

1 to 2 drams 

1 ounce 



drams 
to 8 dr'ms 

drams 
drams 
dram 



) grams 
ounce 
to 6 dr'ms 
to 6 dr'ms 
to 3 dr'ms 
dram 
grains 
to 1 oz 
to 2 grs 
to4oz 



1 to 2 oz 



1 ounce 

1 to 2 oz 
4 to 8 oz 

3 drams 

1 to 2 qu*ts 

3 drams 

2 to 4 oz 

1 to 2 lbs 

2 drams 
6 drams 

10 to 15 grs 
2 drams 

1 dram 

4 ounces 

2 to 3 pints 

2 to 4 dr'ms 
20 to 30 dps 

3 drams 

2 to 3 dr ms 

1 to 2 oz 

1 ounce 

1 ounce 

2 drams 

4 drams 
i dram 



30 grains 
2 ounces 
i to 1 oz 

4 to 8 dr'ms 

i to 1 dram 

5 to 8 grs 

1 to 2 oz 

2 to 3 grs 
5 to 6 oz 

3 to 4 oz 



228 



Equine and Bovine 



NAME OF DRUG. 



Stramonium 

Sulphuric Acid 

Tobacco 

Tar 

Turpentine Oil 

Valerian 

Veratrum 

Wild Cherry Bark... 
Whisky, Brandy, Gin 

Zinc Carbonate 

Zinc Sulphate ... 



ACTION AND USE. 



Narcotic, Sedative 

Tonic, Refrigerant, Caustic 

Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic, 
Vermifuge 

Expectorant, Antiseptic. 

Stimulant, Anti-Spasmodic 
Dieuretic 

Stimulant, Anti- Spasmodic 
Vermifuge 

Sedative 

Expectorant 

Stimulant, Dieuretic, Nar- 
cotic 

Astringent, Tonic 

Astringent, Tonic 



DOSE. 



HORSES. 



CATTLE. 



20 to 30 grs i 
1 dram 2 



4 drams 
i to 1 oz 

1 to 2 oz 

3 ounces 
1 scruple 

1 ounce 

3 to 6 oz 

2 drams 

1 to 2 dr'ms 



to 1 dram 
to 4 dr'ms 

to 6 dr'ms 
to 2 oz 



1 to 2 oz 
2 



to 4 oz 
to 1 dram 
to li oz 

to 12 oz 
to 4 dr'ms 
to 3 dr'ms 



INDEX. 



HORSES. 

Amputation of the Penis 64 

Anaemia 16 

Aneurism 67 

Arthritis 107 

Azoturia 17 

Back, Sprain of 102 

Bladder, Eversion of 40 

Bleeding from the Nostrils 18 

Bone Spavin 84 

Bots 34 

Bronchittis 20 

Brain, Inflammation of 47 

Broken Knees 95 

Bruised Knees 95 

Burns 57 

Carpitis 97 

Canker 68 

Castration 62 

Capped Hock 76 

Choking 59 

Chronic Roaring 19 

Clap 40 

Corns 67 

Colds in the Head 18 

Coronitis, '. 72 

Coronet, Inflammation of 72 

Congestion of the Skin /. . . 51 

Coffin-Joint Lameness 72 

Cramps 10 

Crib Biters 60 

Curb 75 

Cystitis ,... 38 

Cystic Calculus 40 

Diarrhoea 31 

Diabetes Insipidus 36 

Distemper 7 

Dysentery 32 

Elbow Lameness 98 

Enteritis 29 

Epistaxis 18 

Epizootic 8 



230 Equine ajstd Bovine 

Epilepsy 34 

Erysipelas 55 

Eversion of the Bladder 40 

Eye, Inflammation of 42 

Facial Paralysis 49 

Farcy 15 

Fetlock- Joint, Sprain of • 92 

Feet, Inflammation of 57 

Fits, Falling 44 

Fistulous Withers 62 

Flatulent Colic ... . 13 

Founder 57 

Glanders 15 

Gonorrhoea 39 

Grass Staggers 49 

Grease Heel 51 

Heaves 25 

Hernia 65 

Hock, Capped 76 

Inflammation of the Bladder 38 

" Bowels 29 

" Eye 42 

" Joints 107 

" Kidneys 37 

" Knees 97 

" " Lining of the Abdominal Cavity 33 

" Lungs 22 

" " Mucous Lining of the Bowels 31 

'• Testicles 41 

Influenza 8 

Intestinal Worms ; 35 

Irregularities of the Teeth 80 

Joint Open 105 

Joint, Inflammation of 107 

Kidneys, Inflammation of 37 

Knees, Broken and Bruised 95 

Knees, Inflammation of 97 

Lampas 28 

Laminitis 57 

Laryngo Pharyngitis 20 

Lips, Paralysis of 82 

Lice 55 

Lock- Jaw 45 

Lung, Inflammation of 22 

Lymphangitis 26 

Lymphatics, Inflammation of 26 

Mammitis 42 

Mammary Glands, Inflammation of 41 

Mange 53 

Moon Blindness 43 

Muco Enteritis 31 

Nasal Catarrh 18 

" Gleet 83 

Nephritis 42 



Medicine and Surgery. 231 

Nails, Pricks from 69 

Navacular Disease 73 

Opthalmia, Simple. 42 

Opthalmia, Periodic 43 

Open Joint '. 105 

Ozcena. 83 

Paralysis, Partial 17 

Facial 49 

Patella, Dislocation of 88 

Paraphj'-mosis 64 

Parrot Mouth 80 

Penis, Amputation of 64 

Peritonitis 33 

Phrenitis 47 

Phymosis 64 

Pleurisy 22 

Pneumonia 22 

Poll Evil. 51 

Pricks from Nails . , 69 

Quarter-Cracks 71 

Quittor 70 

Ketention of Urine 38 

Rheumatism 101 

Rickets 108 

Ring Bone 90 

Roaring, Chronic 17 

Rupture 65 

Sand-Cracks 71 

Scratches M 

Scalds • ... 57 

Sessamoiditis 72 

Seedy Toe , 67 

Shoulder Slip 98 

" Lamness .• 100 

Side-Bones 74 

Skin, Congestion of 51 

Slavering 28 

Sore Throat 20 

Spavin, Bone 84 

" Bog 87 

Spasmodic Colic 10 

Sprain of the Suspensory Ligament 93 

Sprain of the Flexor Tendon 94 

Spinal Cord, Inflammation of 48 

Spinal Meningitis 48 

Sprained Back 102 

Strangles 7 

Stomatitis 27 

Stifle- Joint Lameness 88 

Strain of the Fetlock Joint 92 

String-Halt 104 

Stump-Suckers 60 

Stoppage of Water 38 

Stone in the Bladder 40 



232 Equine and Bovine 

Stomach Staggers 49 

Hun Stroke 50 

Sweeney 98 

Swelled Gums 28 

Synovitis ; 107 

Teeth, Irregularities of 80 

Testicles, Inflammation of 41 

Teeth, Caries of 81 

Tetanus 45 

Throughpin 77 

Thrush 68 

Tumors 78 

Urine, Retention of 38 

Wind-Suckers 60 

Wolf Teeth. 82 

Worms, Intestinal 35 

Wounds, Contused 79 

" Incized 79 

CATTLE. 

Catarrh or Cold 127 

Chronic Indigestion .'131 

Choking 128 

Clap 126 

Colic 132 

Conjunctivitis 134 

Diarrhoea 113 

Dysentery, Acute 115 

Enteritis 136 

Epizootic Aphtha 122 

Eye, Inflammation of 134 

Fardel Bound 139 

Foot and Mouth Disease - 122 

Fits from Eating Buckeyes 128 

Gonorrhoea 126 

Grubs under the Skin 155 

Gut Tie 155 

Hsematurea 124 

Hepatitis • , 137 

Hide-Bound. 141 

Hoven 117 

Impaction of the Rumen 142 

Intestines, Strangulation 155 

Inversion of the Bladder 146 

" Vagina 147 

Indigestion, Chronic 139 

Kidneys, Inflammation of 119 

Leucorrhoea 147 

Lice 148 

Liver, Inflammation of 137 

Lungs " 144 

Mamitis 152 

Omassium, Impaction of 139 

Patella, Dislocation of 135 



Medicine and StiRGERy. 233 

Parturient Apoplexy 15g 

Pleuro Pneumonia Contagiosa .121 

Pneumonia .144 

Phrenitis 126" 

Pleurisy ' *. .' .' ] '.*.* \ '" ' '144 

Reticulum, Affections of ..*.*...'.'.'....*. .133 

Rumen, Impaction of :............... 142 

Sore Teats , ...'.*.*.*!.!!]! 151 

Splenic Apoplexy 154 

Second Stomach, Affeciions of .*.*..'....'. 133 

Stifle-joint, Dislocation of ...135 

Teats, Sore .....151 

ToDgue, Ulcerated ........' .113 

Tympanitis * . ', .117 

Udder, Inflammation of !l52 

Ulcerated Tongue «. !ll3 

Urine Bloody 'l24 

Ulcerous Cancers 125 

Vagina, Inversion of '. 147 

Warbles [155 

Whites 147 

OBSTETRICS. 

Afterbirth, Retention of 171 

Anterior Presentation 182 

Ascites 218 

Bleeding from the Navel 178 

Breast and Abdominal Presentation 212 

Constipation Shortly after Birth 180 

Deviation of the Head Upward and Backward 195 

Deviation of the Hind Legs into the Genital Canal, the Anterior Part 

of the Body Presenting 198 

Downward Deviation of the Head 190 

Double Headed Monstrocities 216 

Dropsy, Abdominal 218 

Flooding 170 

Fore Limb Crossed over the Neck 183 

Fore Limbs Flexed at the Knees 185 

Fore Limbs Completely Retained 187 

Hernia of the Uterus or Womb 172 

Hind Leg Deviation, Anterior Presentation 196 

Hock Presentation 202 

Hydrocephalus 217 

Hygiene of Pregnant Animals 161 

Inflammation of the Womb and Peritoneum 176 

Inversion of the Womb 165 

Labor Pains. Premature 167 

Lateral Deviation of the Head to the Right or Left 192 

Living Foetuses in Different Presentations , 214 

Metro Peritonitis 1 76 

Navel, Bleeding from 178 

" Urine Passing from 178 

CEdema in Pregnancy 165 



234 Equine and Bovine 

Pdins after Birth 168 

Parturition and Pregnancy ; 165 

Perineum, Rupture of .'.175 

•Persistence of the Urachus ,, 178 

Positions and Presentations of the Foetuses 181 

Posterior Presentations . . ' 200 

Past Labor Pains , 168 

Post Portum Hgemorrhages , .170 

Pregnant Animals, Care of 163 

Pregnancy, Dropsical Swellings in ] 165 

Premature Labor Pains 167 

Presentations and P.>sitions of the Foetuses 181 

Retention of the Meconium 180 

Retention of the Placenta 171 

Rupture of the Navel .179 

Rupture of the Perineum ;....* 175 

Shoulder and Loin Present ation , . . . . 209 

Teeth 221 

Thigh and Croup Presentation 205 

Transverse Presentation 208 

Umbilical Hernia 179 

Haemorrhage 178 

Urine Passing from the Favel 178 

Uterus or Womb. Hernia of . . . , 172 

Water on the Brain , 217 

Womb, Inversion of 165 

Womb and Peritoneum, Inflammation of 176 



IT HAS NO SUPERIOR. 




SEND FOR CITALOGUE AND PRICES TO 
FOUT WAYNE, IND. 



PROOKSID^ FARM CO, 

FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. 



IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS 

—OF— 

Clydesdale Stallions! 




-A.±TID 




CALLOWAY CATTLE. 



RODGER OF 0AK8ANK 



Have always on hand a good supply of the above breeds, of the finest 
quality 'that can be imported from Scotland and England. We have a 
resident buyer there who knows the best strains of blood and takes ad- 
vantage of the market. This enables us to sell the best bred stock at 
prices that beat all competition. Terms as good as can be had in America 
Address 

BROOKblDE FARM CO., FORT WAYNE, IND. 



CLIFTON BOY 

KECORD 2:29i. 



(Standard). Registered No. 5745. Vol VII, A. T. R. 



Bred by W. C. BARNETT, Florence, Boone County, Ky. 

SERVICES WILL BE OFFERED UNTIL 

J-TTH,-^' Is-b, 1888. 

■X" XS XI. 3VX & : 

Forty Dollars, money due at time of service, with privilege 
of returning next season such mares as do not prove with foal. 
Mares from a distance kept on pasture at $4.00 per month ; 
grain stabled at $8.00 per month. All accidents or escapes at 
owner's risk. 



IP EI ID I G- 1^ E E = 

CLIFTON BOY, 5945, record 2:29i, sired by Strader's Hambletonian, 

(Squire Talmage, 668), dam Nellie Draco. 
STADER'S HAMBLETONIAN, by (Rysdyke's Hambletonian, 10) dam 

by Peely's American Star, 
RYSDYKE'S HAMBLETONIAN, (10) by Abdallah (1). 

First dam, by Imported Bellfonder. 

Second dam, by Bishop's Hambletonian.' 

Third dam, by Imported Messenger. 
ABDALLAH (1), by Mambrino, dam Amazonia, by a son of Imported 

Messenger. 
BISHOP'S HAMBLETONIAN, by Imported Messenger. 

First dam. Imported Shark. 

Second dam by Imported Medle}''. 
SEELY'S AMER CAN STAR, by American Star. 

First dam, by Sir Henry. 

Second dam by Imported Messenger. 
AMERICAN STAR, by Duroc, son of Imported Diomed, dam thorough- 
bred. 
SIR HENRY, by Sir Archy, son of Imported Diomed. 

First dam, by Imported Diomed. 

Second dam, by Belair. 

Third dam, by Pilgrim. 

Fourth dam, by Imported Janus. 

FRED. JONES, Dr. W. W. BARNETT. 

305 W. Washington St., 425 S. Calhoun St. 

FORT WAYNE, IND. 



^mmm 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 843 255 




